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The objective of this research is to demonstrate the societal function of patriarchal authority in two Iraqi novels, namely "Lament of Mesopotamia" (1939) by Abdul Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie and "Fereydoon Had Three Sons" (1957) by Abbas Maroufi. This study does not delve into the aesthetic aspects of narrative structure. Instead, it focuses on the role of three characters who symbolize the conscious embodiment of the controversial influence of social and cultural phenomena, specifically patriarchal power. By doing so, it explores the extent to which patriarchal power in the 1970s is illuminated in feminist analyses, thereby highlighting the dominance exerted by men over society in light of various contributing factors. This topic holds significance in terms of conveying the concept of patriarchal rule across all phenomena, employing expressions of power through figures such as fathers, tribal leaders, clerics, and government authorities. Moreover, employing a cultural-adaptive criticism approach, the research examines the interrelationship between Iraqi and Iranian novels, with a particular focus on exposing patriarchal power as a defining cultural phenomenon within both societies.
      Utilizing a comparative methodology rooted in the American literary school, this research seeks to identify hidden patterns and symbols inherent in cultural phenomena present within aesthetic texts. Ultimately, it reaches conclusions concerning the social role of patriarchal power, drawing on multiple dimensions including temporal and spatial contexts, as well as perspectives from women. Furthermore, it highlights common socio-cultural events depicted in the two novels, as well as the incorporation of Marxist ideas emphasizing themes of alienation and poverty in "Lament of Mesopotamia," while also addressing the Egyptian issue in Iraq and the prevalence of class dynamics, which exhibit notable similarities.
      Additionally, Maroufi directs attention to the prevailing poverty in the external environment of the country and the direct influence of Marxist political thought. Both authors emphasize the convergence of sensual instincts and struggles for social power. Al-Rubaie tackles this matter by expressing social and religious conflicts in an Eastern context, while Maroufi predominantly focuses on the Western realm of social power struggles. 
 

Keywords: social symbol, authority, patriarchy, novel, Abdul Rahman Majeed al-Rubaie, Abbas Maroufi.

     

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