Shaker Amery, Ali Shahriari,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (1-2025)
Abstract
In presenting events, a writer heavily relies on conflict which is considered the main driving force of the fictional work. Conflict is a key element in dramatic texts and plays an important role in developing events in them. It reveals the differences arising from conflicting opinions and viewpoints among the characters regarding a particular issue or idea between the characters of the play. This research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, aims to study the conflict in Tawfiq al-Hakim’s Ya Tali’ al-Shajara. This play is one of the first plays written in an absurd style in Arabic literature, depicting events in an absurd manner. The play presented a new concept of the internal conflict and specific worldview of its characters. It appears that Al-Hakim paid great attention to the psychological dimensions of the characters in this play, a hallmark of the theater of the absurd. Al-Hakim skillfully used all kinds of conflict in the play, although the internal conflict was more evident in it. The conflict in this play is not between human desires but between abstract mental positions and ideas, represented by contrasting pairs such as dream and reality, fantasy and reality, immortality and annihilation.
Naeem Amouri, جواد سعدون زاده, Yousef Motaqiannia,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (9-1983)
Abstract
Existentialism emerged as a result of the two world wars that left darkness and doubt in our world. rather, it was linked to novels and short stories since its beginning. Mustafa Mahmoud had extensive intellectual and philosophical contributions to his literature. Based on this, the research attempts to study the novel “The Impossible” by Mustafa Mahmoud according to the existentialist doctrine, using the descriptive, analytical, and philosophical approach. The results show that Mustafa Mahmoud tried to show the most important existentialist conflicts in the novel “The Impossible”; Anxiety appeared in the adventures of the novel's characters, as "Helmy" and "Fatima" attempted to escape anxiety by forgetting, gambling, and sexual relations. The source of anxiety was in the personal decisions and multiple desires of the two heroes. As for freedom, it appeared in two contradictory forms: the image of paternal authority rooted in the novel's society, and the liberated vision standing against prevailing norms and laws. From the absence of freedom came the birth of alienation, the monotony of the hero, and his laziness. There is a close connection between self-confidence, the lack of transparent feelings, non-normativity, and deviation from society and its morals, and the separation of the individual and his alienation from himself and from society. Likewise, the relationship between the self and the other appeared in a dialectical form full of quarrels and continuous conflicts in the family within the novel's society.
