Fatima Bouadhar, Hossein Mohtadi, Nasser Zare, Sayed Haider Faree Shirazi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (4-2024)
Abstract
The narrative mode of Passages, a novel by Fatin Al-Murr, employs the focalization to establish the point of view presented in the story. This technique focuses on who observes the story rather than who narrates it. Gérard Genette identifies three levels of focalization: zero, internal, and exterior. In Passages focalization is utilized to depict two seemingly contradictory identities through the perspectives of two narrators (Darine and Najwa). Each character embodies a unique identity shaped by the Israeli occupation, representing the Palestinian Christian and Muslim communities in Lebanon and the refugee camps, as well as the Palestinian Muslim population. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on Gerard Genette's theory of focalization to examine the author's style in Passages and its portrayal of the reality of the Arab world during the Israeli occupation. This study identifies the presence of all three focalization patterns, with the perspectives of Darine and Najwa serving as primary vehicles for storytelling. The introspective narrative within the novel is predominantly channeled through Najwa's perspective, characterized by her profound understanding of the Palestinian conflict. Through a series of exchanged letters, Najwa endeavors to enlighten her Christian friend about the brutal massacres and injustices unfolding in Palestine.
Abdoreza Naseri Asl, Hossein Mohtadi, Khodadad Bahri,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (7-1983)
Abstract
Since the Arabic novel reached an artistic level and realism emerged, albeit later than its Western counterpart, it became a medium that expresses many important issues in illustrating the lived reality of Arab societies. Resistance literature also emerged following the pivotal transformations in the Arab and Islamic world, especially after the setbacks suffered by Arab countries due to the Zionist invasion of Palestine and other Arab lands, and the oppression faced by Arab peoples both from tyrannical rulers at home and Zionist enemies who came from outside. This led to a strong connection between literature and social and political issues due to the impact that lived reality has on literary genres in general and the novel in particular. This connection is evident in the works of the Lebanese writer Abdel-Majid Zaraqet and his resistance literature novels. His novel *The Path of the Sun* is a prominent example of these transformations experienced by the region, including the oppression, invasion, and displacement endured by the Palestinian people and southern Lebanon during a certain period of the last century. The author lived through the conflicts and disasters faced by both peoples and experienced the ordeal of the Israeli invasion of southern Lebanon, which forced him to move from his village to the capital, Beirut. In this study, we employed a descriptive-analytical method to uncover the social reality in southern Lebanon and to examine how the author depicted the features of the narrative space, illustrated the social components in the village and the city, detailed the description of various places and their connection to events and characters, and showed the extent of the tragedies that befell the Lebanese people and the south as a result of the Israeli army’s attacks. army's attacks. It addresses topics related to the reality of social life.
