Studies in

The novel  “pay with the best” by Jamilu Abdullahi Alkanawi well known in the Nigerian literature, it is an analysis of some social problems, where he was discussed  about the life of a young man named Bashir from one of the northern state who was sent to Ibadan state for one year national service and left his lover named Sarah, one of his  friend deceived him and married her, when he returned and heard what happened  he feel a great sadness , and finally become a patient, and treated that traitorous friend with what is best, this research aims after used descriptive approach of data collection and analysis, and the importance of the research appears in knowing the narrative tools available in the novel,  the research reached important result: the novel had some narrative techniques in it like: scene, summary, rest, deletion, description, retrieval, and foresight, and the novel was characterized by the abundance of characters, and by use of the rounded heroine character and the flat character who has no sound and no movement. And the novel used the explanatory description of narrative.

Story results from a writer’s fantasies, feelings, and inner fears which are expressed in word form. Fictional characters emerge from the depths of the writer’s existence and enter the world of fiction. In general, we can say that the story comes from reality and illustrated by the author’s mind. Usually, authors use different metaphorical expressions to convey their intended message. The Collar of Pigeons, a novel Raja'a Alem, records social and religious events occur in Mecca and Madrid. Here, the Kaaba is a symbol of holiness though some people attempt to degrade its holiness. In terms of characterization, the novel is quite unusual: Raja uses dialogue, description, and inclusion to describe and present the characters of her novel, who are mostly complementary ones. The religious and imaginative atmosphere of the story along with its controversial structure has attracted numerous readers. The chronological, spatial, and logical arrangement of events in presenting characters follows a linear narrative flow. The formal structure of the story is divided into two parts, each with a different location. Different characters are identified with different “Izzah” identity. When examining the characters of the novel, it becomes clear to that the author considers maintaining the identity of the Kaaba, the main concern of the novel, by placing the narrative center in the Kaaba and the events that happen in this holy place. This article adopts an analytical and descriptive method to analyze strategies of characterization in the order, continuity, and arrangement of different parts of the novel.

Dada is a phenomenon that exploded in the face of political, economic, and moral crises, and considered it the pioneers of the Savior who will dispel all these problems. The only form of salvation was rejecting all that was traditional and adopting the logic of chaos and rejection. In Dada, the primary suspicion of the narrow horizon of art translates into outright hostility toward its values ​​and institutions. The poet Shawqi Abi Shaqra was one of the most prominent pillars of the "Poetry" magazine, which was founded by the surreal poets at the time and has a fundamental role in the spread and development of the modern movement of Arabic poetry. This paper attempts to find, through a descriptive-analytical method, the features of Dada movement in Abi shaqra's poetry to search for the tributaries of Dada and its features in his poetry. This study reached results indicating that Abi Shaqra worked hard to completely liberate from the bond of the past that transcends half-solutions and the idea of ​​compromises, and liberates a person from restrictions that hinder his movement, so that he may reach the future to shape it as he likes. Likewise, the apparent creation of Abi Shaqra and his attempt to liberate the language and strip the vocabulary of its sensitivity and the creation of contradictory structures created anarchism in his poems and made it an eloquent embodiment of Dadaist works. 

The importance of this research is the study of the quality of stylistic features in Iraqi narrative texts. This research examines stylistic and narrative features of Khan al-Shabandar novel. The art of fiction has a close relationship with sociocultural contexts of Arab countries, especially Iraq which has experienced destruction, lack of security and stability, division, sectarianism, exile and murder which are the products of wars. Issues of war and massacre constitute the main bulk of the oeuvre of contemporary Iraqi novelists, issues which have left significant effect on psyche of authors who combine the pain of war with the blood of the innocent people. As a result, they have begun to write down the sufferings of the country. Their fiction is the result of a true imitation of the truth with all its pains and sufferings and the ugliness of murder and terror. In fact, the creative writing of contemporary Iraqi authors shows the awareness of the danger of violence in all its dimensions. In Khan al-Shabandar novel, numerous scenes of violence reflect a bitter reality, a bitter reality which portrays bloody scenes of street explosions, destroyed buildings, the spread of fear, terror, repression, and explosions— as if the country has become a scene of war. This research seeks to examine the rhythm of events and time in the selected novel, paying attention to words of violence. It also tries to examine the context of the narrative. It might be suggested that the novel teems with rhetorical questions and command. The events, which narrate a fearful experience of a real context, are narrated based on the poetics of a rhetorical (dramatic) question.

The narration in Arabic literature has had numerous inquiries, investigations, and studies. This is due to the great diversity of arts, branches, and variety of representations, especially those arts that are included in analogical expressions and linguistic expressions, such as stories and tales that represent real social actions. That are transmitted in a representative constructive manner and theexpressional performance. The narration of proverbs is based on the exchange of ideas or is transferred in dialogue through their representation when the context unit has been matched on two similar occasions. Literary work reveals the essential personality of norm on one hand and the culture of the society in therefore, it was said on the other hand. Which, it is not reasonable that the (Nahj Al Balagha) appeared as a result of an individual invention without relying on social realities related to the individual or group a group of people. Moreover, it is unreasonable that a literary form such as Nahj Al Balagha, characterized by such social richness has existed and remained for centuries as itwas studied by writers, scholars, and researchers. with great differences among each other as they belong to different environments and different nationalities across a period of time without a significant relationship between the content of this literary form and the most important aspects of social life. To reveal the value of Nahj Al Balagha among the narratives of culture and the norms of society, this study will employ to the method of tackling the proverbs and linguistic expressions of Imam Ali that were conveyed through his experiments and familiarities from inherited societies to the society in which he lived.  However, this study will be concerned ing on with two main points:
   The first issue is tackling the socio-cultural and the narratives of semiotic linguistic., whereas the second issue is tackling the mores, conventionalism, and traditional usage. It is worth mentioning that the research proceeded according to the historical method, with the inclusion of contextual and descriptive-analytical approaches. The significant results of this study concluded as are:
1-Each creative writer can stand on depend on the structure of the collective self collective to contemplate situations and events, and choose what he/she wants from the society says that radiate from the horizon of that creator for creative genius is at the forefront of persons each who try to form a collective self that exceeds the individual self.
2-The mores, customs, and tradition were represented in the stylistic approach of the proverbial expressions.  W which are inventions of the pre-Islamic Arab society; this indicates the influence of language of Nahj Al Balagha that became enrollment a true record in the history of Arab.

This research intends to examine those cultural paradigms that have been briefly summarized by some the contemporary Tunisian, Moroccan, and Algerian feminist narrative works based on a descriptive-analytical method and through a cultural approach in which the categories of cultural criticism and systemic procedures are used while help in text exploring and researching the unspoken help to penetrate possible spaces and search for the dominant paradigm. Therefore, the present study has selected examples of the novelists (Tunisian, Moroccan, and Algerian) with the titles (Ghurbat al-Yasmeen, the A ‘am Al-Fil, and Sa’zef Nafsi Amamek), in which their works included cultural paradigm and seek to create a narrative text-based approach with aesthetic and intellectual features, but it includes semantic and cultural rebellion that is quite different from the physical features of the text and it turn the text to the scene of contradictory cultural and intellectual paradigms. Among the most important paradigms which have been examined in the three selected narrations, we can mention manhood, the approach of humiliating women and the approach of a religious institution. The feminist narrative of the Maghreb is a covenant that protects the existence of Maghreb women, and is a platform that express their voice in the form of democracy, and to remove the darkness that they have suffered for so long.