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Dr. Zohreh Naemi, Dr. Abdollah Hosseini, Miss. Yosra Tarafrava,miss,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Narratology, which helps to study structural elements of literary texts, is an important aspect of literary theory, and has generated much criticism in the field of contemporary literature. Gérard Genette is one of the pioneers of narratology and has identified five central categories that make up the narrative elements of story: system, continuity, narrative frequency, shape and tone. The aim of this study is to take advantage of Genette’s narrative categories to analyze narrative techniques in Warraq Al-Hob novel written by the contemporary Syrian author, Khalil Sweileh. The search achieves the following findings: first person point of view is used in this novel and the narrator is the main character; there is a gap between the time of the narration and the time when events occur; and the narrator narrates the events after the event. To put it differently, the story is narrated in non-chronological order, which indicates that the novel contains a paradox. Also the Genettian system, continuity and narrative frequency are used. There are two narrative methods and techniques in terms of size and continuity in the novel: (1) there is a positive acceleration that usually takes a short volume of the novel to tell about a long event and (2) there is the negative acceleration of the narration, in which the events are mentioned in more detail. We also note that the writer uses dialogue and description of elements to slow down the speed of the narration. In addition, we observe the use of various narrative identified by Genette. The author informs the recipient of events what happens in his novel step by step. In addition, we observe that Sweileh began his novel in an introductory way, but the end of the story readers come to know that the novel is an introduction to a novice writer who wants to write a love story. This is a narrative technique developed by Sweileh in order to confuse the mind of the reader. Then it seems that Khalil Sweileh was able to come to terms with what he learned and that he mentions different titles in his account to the audience. We can point out that the repeated description of an event is one of the salient features in the narrative structure of the novel, which exemplifies the technique of recurrence or narrative frequency. The narrator tells the story of events that happened several times in a similar way, and his narration is amazing every time. The author integrates a number of literary texts into his narration. The relationship between the identity of the author and the date of reading and the time associated with the author is referred to when "The History of Reading" is mentioned in which the writer imaginatively lives with Jorge Luis de Borges. Warraq Al Hob is one of the most prominent works of Khalil Sweileh Roulieh. In fact, this novel is a story about writing a story. It is about writer struggling to write a story about love and history and was inspired and started to write his own story about his real world, his mind and his imagination, as well as the literary information he acquired during his lifetime to write. The author can be compared with world-famous writers such as "Gabriel Garcia Marquez (author of the novel" One Hundred Years of Solitude "), Nizar Qabbani, and Alberto Mangel. In the novel, the author simultaneously experiences humor, joy, and sometimes hatred. He also experiences other writers’ experiences, or is inspired by writing world writers in some places such as writing in the kitchen; refers to the events that occurred to him and mentions historical events that he came across in historical or romantic books. Probably that is why he named the novel Warraq Al Hob.
Nasrin Abasi, Salahadin Abdi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2019)
Abstract
Nasrin Abbasi: nasrinabasi10@yahoo.com
PhD of Arabic Language and Literature Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, I.R.Iran
Salahaddin Abdi s.abdi@basu.ac.ir (Corresponding Author)
Associate Professor of Arabic Language and Literature, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, I.R.Iran
The analysis and examination of the function of narrator in a literary text plays an important role in reading it from a new point of view.Gerard Genette, the French narrative structuralist, has theorized the role and function of narrator(s) in literary texts. RadwaAshour’s historical novel,Al-Tantouria(2010) in which the author utilizes different narrative techniques, is a good case study from a Genettian point of view. In the novel, the author utilizes different intradiegetic narrativeforms: observer narrator, I-as-protagonist, I–as-witness, and second-person narrator. In the novel, due to the first-person narrator lack of knowledge, the author takes advantage of the observer narrator to fill the mentioned gap. Thenovel, due to its temporal fragmentation in describing events as well as the limited first-person narrator,has been studied from a variety of narrative point of views. In the course of the novel, I–as-witnessand second-person narrators narrate events and actions from their point view as the author-narrator narrates the story in the absence of the protagonist. In the novel, monologues are addressed to intradiegetic audience, and therefore are dramatized. Drawing on Genette’s narratology theory and adopting a descriptive-analytical method,this article examines different dimensions of the narrative in Al-Tantouria as well as their role in the production of meaning. The analysis and examination of the function of narrator in a literary text plays an important role in reading it from a new point of view.Gerard Genette, the French narrative structuralist, has theorized the role and function of narrator(s) in literary texts. RadwaAshour’s historical novel,Al-Tantouria(2010) in which the author utilizes different narrative techniques, is a good case study from a Genettian point of view. In the novel, the author utilizes different intradiegetic narrativeforms: observer narrator, I-as-protagonist, I–as-witness, and second-person narrator. In the novel, due to the first-person narrator lack of knowledge, the author takes advantage of the observer narrator to fill the mentioned gap. Thenovel, due to its temporal fragmentation in describing events as well as the limited first-person narrator,has been studied from a variety of narrative point of views. In the course of the novel, I–as-witnessand second-person narrators narrate events and actions from their point view as the author-narrator narrates the story in the absence of the protagonist. In the novel, monologues are addressed to intradiegetic audience, and therefore are dramatized. Drawing on Genette’s narratology theory and adopting a descriptive-analytical method,this article examines different dimensions of the narrative in Al-Tantouria as well as their role in the production of meaning.
Hamed Sedghi, Seyyed Adnan Eshkevari, Pouran Rezaei Chooshli,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Volume 2, Issue 2 (9-2021)
Abstract
Narratology is the result of the expansion of the structuralist schools of the contemporary era. Gérard Genette, a Frenchman, is one of the leading narratologists whose views have attracted the attention of literary scholars. Literary products written for adults are analyzed from a narrative perspective, but less attention is paid to children's stories from this perspective. The implementation of literary theories on children's stories can lead to the recognition of various dimensions of the text of children's stories and reveal their hidden layers. Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra is a science fiction story written by Egyptian writer Nabil Khalaf in 2004. The present study intends to show Gérard Genette's narrative components in the story of Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra by a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The results of the research have shown that the author has been able to narrate the story impressively, using both inside and outside narrator. The element of time is not linear and timelessness can be seen in some parts of it. In terms of continuity, in 15 episodes of this story, there is a compression of time. The story inspire an emotional environment filled with of joy, sadness and fear in children. After examining the story with a narrative approach, the authors came to the conclusion that the narrative components have been present in the story and the story of Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra is a fascinating and age-appropriate story for children.
Zohreh Behroozi, Mohammad Javad Pour Abed, Ali Khezri,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Time is one of the significant features of narration that links the events of a text together based on stylistic choices. Time, in terms of analopsis or prolepsis, can create anachrony in a text. Ghassan Kanafani, utilizing this technique in Return to Haifa, attempts to narrate the confusion and displacement experienced by the characters. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the role of anachrony in introducing characters, presenting information, and affecting readers. The study identifies 31 instances of analopsis in the novel. The characters’ analopsis appears in forms of conversations and reminiscences of war and displacement as the result of stimulating of senses and attending a specific place like such as the beach, streets, and houses. In this regard, the author narrates the 20-year experience of displacement and forced migrations of people since 1947. Saeed, a character in the novel, uses prolepsis 7 times in his speeches, which probably crystallize the 1967 awareness (enlightenment) among people. It can be concluded that Kanfani expresses his optimism towards the nationalists’ movements and the Palestinian people by relying on preliminary analopsis and reporting future events, believing that people are ready to pay high costs to fulfill national goals.
Mohammad Naderi, Akram Roshanfekr, Farhad Rajabi,
Volume 5, Issue 2 (12-2023)
Volume 5, Issue 2 (12-2023)
Abstract
As a form of narration characterized by various writing techniques, the novel can be analyzed from different critical perspectives. Gérard Genette, drawing on several theorists, studies the function of time in the novel by presenting a salient structural model that can be used to examine its presentation in a given literary text. This study examines the structure of time in Fazl Mokhadar’s Eskandarone based on Genette’s framework. Throughout the novel, the author employs a standard speed of time by creating dialogue between the narrator-protagonist and minor characters. The writer also fills the gap in time by using analepsis in connecting the events and the minor heroes. However, it is possible to observe anachrony in the narrative structure as the narrator sometimes narrates the events in terms of analepsis. Moreover, the author speeds up the narration by eliminating/summarizing events and slows the narration through pauses. This study finds that Eskandarone enjoys a regular and ordered temporal structure which is created by the narrator. The most important aspect of the narrative is its open-ended form as the narrator ends the novel by prolepsis. The novel, accordingly, oscillates between standard and negative narrative speed.
Fatima Bouadhar, Hossein Mohtadi, Nasser Zare, Sayed Haider Faree Shirazi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (4-2024)
Volume 5, Issue 3 (4-2024)
Abstract
The narrative mode of Passages, a novel by Fatin Al-Murr, employs the focalization to establish the point of view presented in the story. This technique focuses on who observes the story rather than who narrates it. Gérard Genette identifies three levels of focalization: zero, internal, and exterior. In Passages focalization is utilized to depict two seemingly contradictory identities through the perspectives of two narrators (Darine and Najwa). Each character embodies a unique identity shaped by the Israeli occupation, representing the Palestinian Christian and Muslim communities in Lebanon and the refugee camps, as well as the Palestinian Muslim population. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on Gerard Genette's theory of focalization to examine the author's style in Passages and its portrayal of the reality of the Arab world during the Israeli occupation. This study identifies the presence of all three focalization patterns, with the perspectives of Darine and Najwa serving as primary vehicles for storytelling. The introspective narrative within the novel is predominantly channeled through Najwa's perspective, characterized by her profound understanding of the Palestinian conflict. Through a series of exchanged letters, Najwa endeavors to enlighten her Christian friend about the brutal massacres and injustices unfolding in Palestine.
Qader Qaderi, Fezzeh Niyazi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2026)
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2026)
Abstract
Discourse analysis is one of the significant branches of literary studies and narratology, focusing on a holistic approach to examining the structural and functional elements of narrative. Gérard Genette, a prominent theorist of structuralism, is among those who have provided a comprehensive framework for narrative theory, establishing a scientific foundation for discourse analysis. This study examines the novel "Bab al-Tabashir" by Ahmed Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi writer, through the lens of Genette's narrative discourse theory. The aim of this research is to analyze the elements of time, form, and tone as three fundamental components of narration, and to explore their role in representing the identity crisis of Ali Najee, the challenges faced by Layla Hamid, and the reflection of the social life of the Iraqi people. Additionally, this study analyzes the emergence of Ali Najee as a savior and the use of the seven Sumerian spells within the context of a surrealistic narrative, emphasizing the impact of these narrative techniques. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on Genette's theories, with the goal of analyzing how narrative techniques influence the portrayal of intellectual conflicts the author addresses regarding issues of identity, social problems, and the role of the savior. The findings of the research suggest that Saadawi, through the use of techniques such as anachrony, temporal jumps, and interruptions, dual focalization, and changes in the intensity of character roles, has established a simultaneous relationship between the narrative and the core subject of the story. These techniques not only serve to depict the personal and social consequences of events, but also act as tools to highlight key themes such as intellectual conflicts and the social identity of the characters. These artistic elements are creatively employed in "Bab al-Tabashir", giving the work distinctive features that set it apart from other works in modern literature. In particular, the dual focus on narrative perspective and the intensity shifts in character roles effectively convey the individual and social impacts of the events in this work.
Phd Aliakbar Noresideh, Zahra Ashormahani,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Volume 19, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Abstract
The component of time, as the format and framework in which the story flows, is considered one of the important issues in the final presentation of the text, so that the formation of a narrative is almost impossible without time; because the action of the story, which is one of the most fundamental elements of construction and driving any narrative, is based on time. According to Genette, the temporality of the narrative is formed by considering three temporal components: order, continuity, and frequency. The present study, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and using a structuralist approach, seeks to examine the element of time and its related components based on Gerard Genette's theory in the novel "Jasrabnat Ya'qub" by the Palestinian writer Hassan Hamid (1955). The study of narrative time in the aforementioned novel shows that Hassan Hamid has made good use of its diverse techniques and has used all its dimensions in the context of the element of time. In the order and sequence section, by combining new narrative methods, including fluidity of mind and utilizing postmodern components, and by breaking the logical order of time, it keeps the reader's mind away from monotony and stagnation, and by using frequent escapes to the past and sometimes to the future, it has added to the attractiveness and complexity of its narrative. Artistic use of the scene, descriptive pause, deletion, and summary in the continuity section are other components related to the element of time. Using staged scenes, she helps introduce characters and story situations, and in descriptive pauses, she attempts to portray the environmental characteristics of the places and the internal and external aspects of the characters. Therefore, Hassan Hamid's main art is that, sometimes by slowing down the narrative speed, she expresses details in a meticulous manner, and in other cases, by using the technique of elimination and summary to skip over less important events, she increases the speed of the narrative.In this way, Hassan Hamid, by utilizing the narrative functions of time, has been able to provide the appropriate context for the reader to approach the hidden layers of the characters' mentality with the help of chronology, continuity, and frequency of events.
Fatemeh Mohabbat, Sajjad Esmaili, علیرضا حسینی,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Volume 19, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Abstract
Time in novels often follows a horizontal and linear course, but sometimes a kind of disorder occurs in the story's time, which Gerard Genette, a French structuralist theorist, called anachronism. The novel Sata'er al-Atma by Walid al-Hudeli is a depiction of Amer's feverish ninety days in the dungeons of Zionism, where the element of time plays an effective role in the believability of the main character's life and his moods and characteristics in the reader's mind. The story Sata'er al-Atma is involved in the disorder of three times and, considering the numerous time turns, it can be adapted to Gerard Genette's theory of narrative time. Therefore, the present study aims to examine the anachronism in the aforementioned novel using a descriptive-analytical method based on Gerard Genette's chronological order and sequence. The results of the research showed that the present novel is consistent with Genette's theory of time atrophy, and in this novel, Walid al-Hudeli often disrupts the linear order and sequence of the story, and uses a variety of retrospect and futurists in the time of the narrative text, giving the characters and events greater depth and richness. In addition to helping the emotional understanding of the characters, these time atrophies transform the reading experience into a deeper reflection on the concept of time and how it affects human experiences.
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