Studies in

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Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) is a significant sub-discipline of Discourse Analysis. This approach takes its lead from the philosophical ideas propounded by Michel Foucault, Sigmund Freud, and Karl Marx. Norman Fairclough, an eminent theorist of CDA, attempts to link linguistic features to social issues so that linguists find it necessary to engage with social problems. According to Fairclough, discourse analysis can be performed at three levels: description, explanation, and interpretation. In the holy Quran and Surahs like “Hojarat”, there are abundant conceptual signs which are used to modify social norms. The interpretation level in CDA deals with the relationship between dominant social discourse with different social discourses. Drawing on the description and explanation levels of CDA, this study attempt to develop a critical framework to analyze social discourses in “Hojarat” Surah. It is proposed that the narrative discourse at the education axis in “Hojarat” Surah is in line with social discourses which seek to define Islamic value system

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post–colonialism is the term that historians have used in the post–world war ll era to show the era that followed most of the world’s independence from modern western colonialism. Post-colonial discourse is one of the fruits of post–colonial theory invented by Edward Said and is one of the contemporary literary approaches that relate to its mission to theorist and colonial issues.
In this article, we aim to discuss one of the famous contemporary Arab Jordanian novels written in this regard, which are the Dafater Al-tufan of Samiha Khreis , based on Edward Said’s theory to explore post–colonial features in it we concluded that the author refers accurately and technically to the post–colonial problem in Arab society through the tongue of different things and inanities and is equally concerned with all the post–colonial features presented in its narrative effect, and it has not favored one over another post–colonial components have been used in public affairs familiar to Arab life and refer to them artfally. Then Khreis reflects in the Dafter Al-tufan some characteristics against colonialism, such as the confrontation against the domination of the West, the center, the margin, nationality, freedom, independence and the lowly with special skill.
 

 

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Argumentative discourse occupies a large space in the Qur’an text in general and the two surat al-Baqara and Taha in particular, and this is evident through the multiplicity of topics they dealt with and the diversity of those addressing them. This is what led to the employment of many orbital mechanisms. Linguistic, rhetorical ... with the aim of attracting the attention of those addressed in order to comply and be convinced of what they were ordered, and for that this study came with the help of the pragmatic approach to shed light on the mechanisms of argumentative and persuasion in Surat Al-Baqara and Surat Taha, that is because their goal is to make the recipient party convinced of submission to God Almighty. Through the presentation of the verses of the argument and the dialogue that took place between the sender and the recipient, and the monitoring of verbal actions and argumentative links to achieve the strategy of persuasion within the large field of discourse strategies Which means that the accomplished speech is an ongoing planned speech, As the sender intends in his speech to employ an appropriate strategy that expresses his intention and achieves his goal, in the words of Abdul Hadi bin Dhafer Al-Shehri, which is a pragmatic strategy, which gets its name from the goal of the speech, and the act of persuasion and its guidance is always based on previous assumptions about the elements of the context, especially the addressee. The strategy for achieving the goals of the sender.                                                                                                           

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New historicism is an approach that emerged in response to traditional methods and traditional historicism in the late 20th century. New historians consider history a set of conflicting discourses and address the marginalized voices. They believe that what historians write is not an objective recording of the past events but the interpretation and narrative of the past events based on the discourse of historians. Therefore, history has a discursive nature and is a tradition of narration. In 2012 Rabee Jaber the Lebanese novelist won the International Prize for Arabic fiction for his novel “Druze of Belgrade”. This thesis tries to examine the novel from the perspective new historicism in order to recognize the relation of text with historical discourses. the results of the study show that there are six discourses represented in this article: the discourse of ottoman government, the discourse of European governments, the dialogue of the Balkans, the discourse of prisoners of prisoners, the discourse of Lebanese Christians, and the discourse of Muslims of the Balkans. It also shows that the novel focuses on the marginalized voices and the victims of sectarian violence and governance, whose representatives are on one side, imprisoned Druze, and by the other, Hanna Yacoub and his family. The novel tries to provide a positive image of Druze, contrary to official discourse of Ottoman Empire.

 

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Critical discourse analysis is one of the new language tools used to investigate the hidden relationship between language and ideology in society. And it shows the moral and ideological values ​​hidden in the critical discourse. The present article aims to analyze the novel "Ahdab Baghdad" by the contemporary Iraqi novelist Riyad al-Qazi, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and based on Farklough's theory of critical discourse analysis, which is based on the proposition that: "Critical discourse as a tool for analysis social and cultural changes in three levels of description, interpretation and expression". Riyad al-Qadi has been able to provide the reader with a clear and transparent image of the Iraqi society by using narrative tools. One of the most important achievements and results of this research, which was conducted with a descriptive analytical method, is that in the Iraqi society, the discourse of power represented by the American occupiers and Iraqi autocrats has imposed its voice and ideology on the discourse of the society. And this has led to the spread of political, social and moral corruption, and the prevalence of embezzlement, theft, kidnapping, assassination, murder, smuggling, discrimination, cruelty, betrayal, family disintegration, etc.

 

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In general,this research seeks to reveal the concept of critical discourse and its mechanism in the novel Sons of the Wind written by Laila Atrash.The point of view of narrative discourse fluctuates between the narrative content and its narrative components and the critical view of the novelist about the facts of her life which is published in the form of discourse in her work.The basis of critical discourse studies is the examination of the relationship between discourse and power,or between discourse and society in general,and it is considered one of the definite matters of its research.Norman Fairclough`s theory is a social cognitive model that deals with the critical analysis of texts.It deals ith the text as a literary text and as a discourse affected by the social context and influencing it.Therefore, the basis of this researh is to link presentation with analysis through Fairclough`s critical discourse analysis approach,an approach based on which language use is a communicative event that includes three dimensions.The first dimension is textual and is based on linguistic and formal features from which the discourse of the novel is derived.The second dimension is  a discourse that includes the process of producing,expanding and using the text.And the third dimension is social and cultural,which is based on the interpretations and its relationship with the social context during the creation of the textT and Through that the external context affecting the text is analyzed.The results of this reserch,after applying the criteria of Fairclough`s theory in the novel Sons of the wind,are such that language means words,constructions,text structure and textual coherence towards changing the previous values of the society and imposing new values that are conflict with  the wrong behavior of organizations and people of the society towards children living in orphanages and have tried to change the strict laws of the Ministry of Development.In the stage of interpretation,the narrator has described the climate governing the society through clear and obvious discourse that is in agreement with his ideology.In the formation explanation stage,he specifies that the living conditions of childeren in orphanages and their problems in society are among the effective factorse in the of the novel`s main discourse.

 

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Discourse explains the connection between language and society because discourse is the use of language to influence the audience. Critical discourse analysis originated from sociology and is one of the modern critical approaches influenced by the philosophical views of Michel Foucault, Marx and Freud and believes that there is a dialectical relationship between language and society. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough, whose theory rests on three levels: description, explanation, and explanation. Alaa Al Aswany's Automobile Club is one of the most famous contemporary Arab novels that explains the ideology of power and the social and political conditions in a modernist style in Egyptian society. In this article, we try to analyze the critical discourse of this novel based on the three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory adhering to the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that vocabulary and structures such as choosing the imperative form and using plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns describe solidarity, totalitarian ideology, antagonism and contrast, and clarify the contrast between the character of the kou who oppresses Egyptians and obeys foreigners. The repetition describes the discourse of protest and resistance against colonialism, the most important place being the "Car Club" where important events by foreigners and British take place. At the level of interpretation, historical intertextuality refers to previous texts such as Quranic verses, narratives, and historical events such as the Holocaust, the Haganah, Hitler's dictatorship and his crimes against humanity. At the level of clarity, the author explains the ideology of Egyptian colonialism and the power in the two forms of British power over Egypt in a strong way, and also the power of Englishman James over Egyptian slaves weakly in the novel. Al-Aswany reflects the revolution of the oppressed against the oppressor, and his most important goals are the destruction of the British occupation and the independence of Egypt, and in this way the author reflects the dignity and humanity that were destroyed under the clutches of the colonists.

 

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The study of the epistemological and philosophical foundations that have accompanied critical methodologies is the key to comprehending critical theories and understanding their core theoretical concepts and practical procedures before applying them in the field of criticism. It is imperative not to regard methodologies such as narratology merely as analytical tools for interpreting literary discourses. These methodologies have drawn upon a variety of philosophical sources in constructing their critical projects, beginning with Aristotle and extending to contemporary horizons manifest in postmodern theories. Their roots can be traced to a range of philosophical traditions, including objectivist philosophies, logical positivism, Hegelian phenomenology, and Kantian principles of subjectivity. From this perspective, the objective of this is to highlight the importance of understanding the philosophical foundations of narratology and the issue of knowledge ownership in understanding literary texts, particularly the sacred Qur'anic discourse, through the use of its critical methodologies. It adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by examining the key philosophical backgrounds that have accompanied narratology throughout its historical development and analyzing its application in certain critical models. The research concludes that there are concepts from narratology that contribute to its critical framework, such as the death of the author, the negation of the human subject leading to the dismissal of characters in fiction, and the infinity of meaning—concepts that conflict with the structure of the Qur'anic text. The presence of the author within the Qur'anic discourse and the living, active characters who move within its narrative space cannot be considered as mere fictional constructs. This issue is further evident in the study of the narrator within the Qur'anic discourse, relying on the narratological model. The use of this methodology risks diminishing the sanctity of the Qur'anic text due to a mechanical application of the method, without considering the fundamental differences between the Qur'anic narrator and the human author in literary texts. Although the research does not deny the potential benefit of analytical methods introduced by narratology, particularly from structuralism and its subsequent stages, it emphasizes the necessity of understanding critical models in their philosophical foundations and epistemological dimensions to effectively engage with the Qur'anic discourse. Utilizing this approach involves a conscious choice that merges both cognitive and ideological considerations, where the outcomes are intrinsically linked to its philosophical and theoretical premises.
 

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The writing of novels and stories in a way stems from a history whose unpleasantness and harms people try to reject, transforming it into a more desirable form within stories to find solace. This way, a narrative emerges containing elements of historical and supra-historical/idealistic discourse. Such a study in the field of textual analysis of stories is conducted through the approach of New Historicism. New Historicists meticulously and critically explore literary texts to extract valuable historical data.

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Social agents play an important role in shaping a text or discourse. They are central to its meaning and purpose. However, little atention is given to how they are represented. Van Leeuwen argues that agents are represented in two main ways: exclusion and inclusion. Each has its own subcategories. Understanding these representations helps reveal underlying discourses.

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Critical discourse, in fact, is considered the formative process of discourse analysis, in which, by going beyond the mere description of linguistic data, attention is paid to the effective processes in the formation of discourse. In this type of discourse analysis, two social and linguistic approaches are discussed; which is explained in the social approach, discourse and situational context, and in the linguistic approach, the textual context. With the aim that the structures of power, domination and the resulting political, social and cultural inequalities are analyzed and investigated through a critical lens in the text. In this research, the novel "Confessions of Katem Sot" by Moens Al-Razzaz is analyzed using Norman Fairclough's critical discourse analysis approach in three levels of description, explanation and interpretation with descriptive analytical method. With the critical analysis of the mentioned novel, it is clear that the author is trying to express his nationalist political thoughts by highlighting the key words of the story through the technique of repetition and lexical rhyme and the use of special words, and by picturing it to the reader to understand It gives a depth of the main content of the story. And at the level of interpretation, he pays attention to the situational context and intertextuality of the discourse of the novel, which is the intertextuality in a myth like Sisyphus, and the presentation of the thinking of the national body of the party (Baath) on the issue of internal oppression, which leads to the loss of revolutionary ideas and disconnection. The relationship with the masses has become clear. And at the explanation level, the text was analyzed as a part of the process of social struggle in the context of power relations, which expresses the author's ideology, and the reactionary thoughts and lack of realism and traditional thoughts of the people in the beginning and end of the story, and their superficiality, expresses the reason for the failure of popular movements.
 

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Discourse analysis is one of the significant branches of literary studies and narratology, focusing on a holistic approach to examining the structural and functional elements of narrative. Gérard Genette, a prominent theorist of structuralism, is among those who have provided a comprehensive framework for narrative theory, establishing a scientific foundation for discourse analysis. This study examines the novel "Bab al-Tabashir" by Ahmed Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi writer, through the lens of Genette's narrative discourse theory. The aim of this research is to analyze the elements of time, form, and tone as three fundamental components of narration, and to explore their role in representing the identity crisis of Ali Najee, the challenges faced by Layla Hamid, and the reflection of the social life of the Iraqi people. Additionally, this study analyzes the emergence of Ali Najee as a savior and the use of the seven Sumerian spells within the context of a surrealistic narrative, emphasizing the impact of these narrative techniques. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical method based on Genette's theories, with the goal of analyzing how narrative techniques influence the portrayal of intellectual conflicts the author addresses regarding issues of identity, social problems, and the role of the savior. The findings of the research suggest that Saadawi, through the use of techniques such as anachrony, temporal jumps, and interruptions, dual focalization, and changes in the intensity of character roles, has established a simultaneous relationship between the narrative and the core subject of the story. These techniques not only serve to depict the personal and social consequences of events, but also act as tools to highlight key themes such as intellectual conflicts and the social identity of the characters. These artistic elements are creatively employed in "Bab al-Tabashir", giving the work distinctive features that set it apart from other works in modern literature. In particular, the dual focus on narrative perspective and the intensity shifts in character roles effectively convey the individual and social impacts of the events in this work.