Studies in

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Narratology concerns a set of principle about narrative styles, the systems that govern narrative or storytelling, and plot structure. Narration is a kind of two-layered time-sequence: the time of narration and the narrative time. One of the important issues addressed by structuralist theory is the relationship between time and narrative, or crystallization of time within the narrative. Gérard Genette, Vladimir Propp, Grimas, and Tsveton Todorov are pioneers of this structuralist approach, who developed the study of narration in literature. Genet proposed five important narrative elements for analyzing the structures of literary texts: order, anachrony, continuity, frequency and narrative time. Colette El Khoury is prolific writer who has written significant short stories including “The Female Word”, “The Years of Love and War”, and “The Fragrant Dates, My Fingers Will Touch the Sun”. Addressing issues like history and issue of women Colette El Khoury does not follow the natural and linear flow of events. He uses anachronic techniques such as flash back and flash forward to create suspense in her stories. Also, frequency and continuity play an important role in her stories. Such innovative narrative techniques can be used in roder to analyze classic literary text from a new angle.

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Signs are important tool for conveying messages and consequently meaning in a wide range of dimensions in human life. Semiotics, by deciphering the signs in various phenomena, has has contributed to the explaination and identification of signs in human life. Ebrahim Nasrollah has written numerous literary works which have been warmly received in prestigious festivals and falls. For instance, the writer has won the Arab Poker Prize for Harb al-Kalb al-Thaniyah. This study draws on semiotics in order to examine the representation and classification of non-verbal behavior in this novel. In this fantasy novel, which deals with fear and anxiety, the writer has used semantic fields related to anger, anxiety, fear and surprise. The author has also a special ability in characterization and staging as he uses various elements to create a terrifying and anxious atmosphere.
 It is observed that the author has used 135 non-verbal cues in this novel, with replacement and emphasis respectively as the most and least frequent ones. The results indicate that the speaker plays the most important role in conveying the meanings of non-verbal cues. The novelist has used different semantic domains in various situations. Anger and, consequently, shouting is one of the most prominent themes used in this novel. The fear and anxiety about being like each other fills people with hatred. In addition to these cases, Rashid's love for his wife is an insatiable one. In different parts of the story, thinking also has an imprtant role. Surprise is the other element that permeates the novel. It is observed that Nasrallah has a special capabiltity in inviting the audience to read the novel given his ability in characterization and staging.

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Abstract
Mashood Mahmood Jimba is a contemporary Arabic literary writers who has contributed tremendously to the development of Arabic literature in Nigeria. He traveled to different countries for  religion, educational and cultural purposes. He documented places, beautiful images, geographical  and living conditions of many countries he visited,  He equally recorded historical, cultural and social lives, and ideas of people during his journeys. This research aimed to reveal the narration techniques in his travels to evaluate the availability of narrative discourse components in his travelogue to access the successful of his method in narrating travel discourse. The researcher used the structural approach with the help of descriptive method .The results of the study shown that, the style of the author is characterized by many narrative techniques, these characteristics includes; the use of open and closed spaces during the course of events, and while narrating the time of events, he employed flashback and flash-forward to create mismatch between story time and narration time. But while narrating the narration time the traveler summarized and delete some events to speed up some events and avoid secondary events that do not contribute to the narrative context. while slow down the narration process he employed descriptive pause and dialogue scene to disrupt the events and give the characters the opportunity to present their feelings and emotions without interruption by the narrator The author combined between Primary and secondary characters, and exposed their Physical, psychological and social dimensions.  He equally convert primary narrator to secondary narrator in some context

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One of the most widely used and effective methods in analyzing various literary and artistic texts and works is their semiotic analysis. One of the contemporary theorists in the field of semiotics is the French Philippe Hamon; His theory is based on four principles: 1. Types of characters - which include reference characters (historical, social, mythical and virtual), mediating characters and pointer characters (indicating the presence of the reader and writer 2. means personality, 3. personality sign 4. levels of personality description. The present study has tried to analyze and reflect this theory based on the semiotic method in the novel Frankenstein in Baghdad by Ahmad Saadawi. Due to the multiplicity of characters in this novel, the four main characters of Shasmeh, Hadi Al-Atag, Ilyshwa and Faraj Al-Dalal are considered. The results of the research indicate that the selected characters are the type of mediating or pointing characters that the author has used to express his thoughts and in fact, by including them in the novel, he has shown his freedom and patriotism thoughts. The meaning of the characters is also expressed more through the introduction by the author; He uses sentences with special care that acquaints the reader well with the intellectual and mental level of the character used. At the level of description, Saadawi has carefully stated all the physical, psychological and social characteristics of individuals. The choice of name is also made with a certain obsession.
 

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New historicism is an approach that emerged in response to traditional methods and traditional historicism in the late 20th century. New historians consider history a set of conflicting discourses and address the marginalized voices. They believe that what historians write is not an objective recording of the past events but the interpretation and narrative of the past events based on the discourse of historians. Therefore, history has a discursive nature and is a tradition of narration. In 2012 Rabee Jaber the Lebanese novelist won the International Prize for Arabic fiction for his novel “Druze of Belgrade”. This thesis tries to examine the novel from the perspective new historicism in order to recognize the relation of text with historical discourses. the results of the study show that there are six discourses represented in this article: the discourse of ottoman government, the discourse of European governments, the dialogue of the Balkans, the discourse of prisoners of prisoners, the discourse of Lebanese Christians, and the discourse of Muslims of the Balkans. It also shows that the novel focuses on the marginalized voices and the victims of sectarian violence and governance, whose representatives are on one side, imprisoned Druze, and by the other, Hanna Yacoub and his family. The novel tries to provide a positive image of Druze, contrary to official discourse of Ottoman Empire.

 

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Critical discourse analysis is one of the new language tools used to investigate the hidden relationship between language and ideology in society. And it shows the moral and ideological values ​​hidden in the critical discourse. The present article aims to analyze the novel "Ahdab Baghdad" by the contemporary Iraqi novelist Riyad al-Qazi, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and based on Farklough's theory of critical discourse analysis, which is based on the proposition that: "Critical discourse as a tool for analysis social and cultural changes in three levels of description, interpretation and expression". Riyad al-Qadi has been able to provide the reader with a clear and transparent image of the Iraqi society by using narrative tools. One of the most important achievements and results of this research, which was conducted with a descriptive analytical method, is that in the Iraqi society, the discourse of power represented by the American occupiers and Iraqi autocrats has imposed its voice and ideology on the discourse of the society. And this has led to the spread of political, social and moral corruption, and the prevalence of embezzlement, theft, kidnapping, assassination, murder, smuggling, discrimination, cruelty, betrayal, family disintegration, etc.

 

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The Prisoner of Mirrors is the title of a novel by Saud Al-Sanousi, the Kuwaiti novelist, who began it with this sentence from the Indian Tagore (He who carries his lamp behind his back sees nothing but his shadow in front of him). With this phrase, the writer tries to express the content of the novel in a concise, philosophical sentence, and through it he touches the deepest meanings found in it. This novel is not just a romantic drama novel, but rather it appears through its details that it revolves around the search for the self, the discovery of a dispersed and lost identity, and the pursuit of happiness. chronotop plays an effective role in accelerating and renewing the course of the novel's events. It is a technique considered by many critics to be one of the most important narrative structures for understanding and visualizing events in the narrative construction. This study proceeded to its treatment and its various forms of manifestation and its implications through its descriptive and analytical approach. After presenting and analyzing the subject, the study concluded that the manifestations of the temporal structure in the novel are more temporal than spatial. Because the novel narrates the moral aspect of the story of the suffering of Abd al-Aziz, the protagonist of the novel, who lived a life of loneliness and pessimism. I also noticed that time within the novel is dominated by the retrieval mechanism more than the anticipation. Because your love for the events in the novel centers on the past. Finally, the aesthetic of the narrative structural structure complements the acceleration and slowdown of the narration and the summary, scene and pause that they contain, as these mechanisms, in their entirety, created an integrated tone that tells the story of a hero (abd al-aziz) suffering from loneliness and alienation and trying to recover himself and reveal his identity.

 

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The novel is not only a type of narrative; Rather, on the occasion of benefiting from writing techniques, it has a full capacity for analysis based on contemporary critical theories, because if its structure is mounted in a correct way, it will be fully capable of layering. The underlying parts of its superstructure can be better charted based on structural analysis. In the meantime, Todorov's theory, with the collective wisdom of structuralists, provides a precise engineering system for analyzing the novel. Todorov considers three levels in the geometry of the novel. The first level is the text of the novel, which is provided by the storage of words of the author in the pages of the novel, and the words are coded according to the author's ability, and according to his innovation, they sit side by side in such a way that understanding them is crucial. It requires technical skills. That's why, in examining the text, one should focus on the writing techniques and techniques so that by recognizing the common points, the differences can be identified and the author's artistic performances in the text can be identified. Apart from the text, the second level of the geometry of the novel, from Todorov's point of view, are the series (progresses). This article aims to analyze the novel Harith al-Miyyah by Hoda Barakat in a descriptive-analytical way, based on Todorov's narrative series. The most important result is that this novel was written with a main series, a secondary series, and a semi-series with a narrative interior, and alternation in the narration. Harith al-Miyah also shows a full capacity in adapting Todorov's narrative aspects, because it has news and non-news aspects and various examples in non-news types, including desire, in two mandatory and wishful types, and hypothetical in two conditional types and The forecast is found in it.
 

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Discourse explains the connection between language and society because discourse is the use of language to influence the audience. Critical discourse analysis originated from sociology and is one of the modern critical approaches influenced by the philosophical views of Michel Foucault, Marx and Freud and believes that there is a dialectical relationship between language and society. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough, whose theory rests on three levels: description, explanation, and explanation. Alaa Al Aswany's Automobile Club is one of the most famous contemporary Arab novels that explains the ideology of power and the social and political conditions in a modernist style in Egyptian society. In this article, we try to analyze the critical discourse of this novel based on the three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory adhering to the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that vocabulary and structures such as choosing the imperative form and using plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns describe solidarity, totalitarian ideology, antagonism and contrast, and clarify the contrast between the character of the kou who oppresses Egyptians and obeys foreigners. The repetition describes the discourse of protest and resistance against colonialism, the most important place being the "Car Club" where important events by foreigners and British take place. At the level of interpretation, historical intertextuality refers to previous texts such as Quranic verses, narratives, and historical events such as the Holocaust, the Haganah, Hitler's dictatorship and his crimes against humanity. At the level of clarity, the author explains the ideology of Egyptian colonialism and the power in the two forms of British power over Egypt in a strong way, and also the power of Englishman James over Egyptian slaves weakly in the novel. Al-Aswany reflects the revolution of the oppressed against the oppressor, and his most important goals are the destruction of the British occupation and the independence of Egypt, and in this way the author reflects the dignity and humanity that were destroyed under the clutches of the colonists.

 

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In the Holy Quran, God Almighty has assigned a surah to His Prophet Yusuf (AS). Mystics have adapted the truths of the Qur'an to the inner self, interpreted the verses of the soul, and finally presented pure ideas about human truth. The works of Ibn al-Farez al-Masri and Jalal al-Din Muhammad Balkhi are also full of such interpretations. This article examines the "facts and details of the story of Prophet Yusuf (AS)" by reflecting on the poems of these two famous poets and mystics. In the present study, first the joint interpretations of these two mystics about Jamal Yusuf (AS) and his dream and the smell of the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) were examined and analyzed, then Jalaluddin Maulana's views about Yusuf (AS) and Zulaikha and the prolongation of his imprisonment Yusuf (AS) was explained. The results show that the Sultan of Lovers and Rumi considered the beauty of Prophet Yusuf (AS) as the manifestation of the beauty of truth and the manifestation of Prophet Yusuf (AS)'s dream in Ibn Farez's poems is an allusion to the mystics of God on whom the true existence of God has been revealed. But Maulana Jalaluddin does not have an interpretive view in this discussion. Ibn Farez considers the sight of the eyes of Prophet Yaqub (AS) by the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to indicate that he reached the gathering place, which was transmitted from the shirt of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to Prophet Ya'qub (AS), but Maulana the shirt He considers Prophet Yusuf (AS) as a symbol of discovery sciences. Rumi considers Zulaikha as a symbol of the world and considers the reason for the prolongation of the imprisonment of Prophet Yusuf (AS) to be the attention to the creature who are the captives and prisoners of the mortal world.

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Metafiction is a style of writing novel and a phenomenon that emerges from postmodern narration, and one of its features is experimentation and breaking the familiar patterns of the novel and there is no doubt that metafiction is a kind of displacement in the narrative and it tends to produce a new vision and a new discourse that dominates over the discourse that is known to everyone, and on this basis, metafiction opens more than one subject for the recipient. It also means "the story about the story," that is, the novel's talk about itself or the description of its inner world, and it discusses its critical perceptions about the narration. However, the attempt of metafiction to break and destroy the old and build it again in a different framework, is what made it a postmodern technique. It is important to say that "William Gass" is one of the famous who used this term in his critical studies. The phenomenon of metafiction has attracted the attention of researchers, and they are applying it to a number of Arabic and other novels; hence the idea of this research came to apply the features and forms of metafiction in the novel "Azazel" by Youssef Zaidan, based on the descriptive-analytical style. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore metafictive forms by analyzing their metafictive text to show the writer's creativity. One of the results we have reached in this research is that the metafictive style in this novel is seen through aspects such as: reference to writing, the rebellion of characters against the author, breaking chronology and other metafictive techniques.

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The structural study of the novel as an outstanding literary genre by analysing the internal components and descrbing the relationships of these elements makes its inner layers clear to the audience. Influenced by pioneer structuralists ideas, especially Prop, Claude Bermon, a famous French philosopher and narratologist, designed a new model for structural analysis of narrations. A template that can be adapted to any language and style. According to this theory, narrative is a coherent and related set of sequences that makes up the structure of story. The combination and sequential process of these main and sub-sequences make the outline of the narrations. And the characters of the story play a role in shaping the plot and the series of events in proportion to their presence and influence in the narration. Zaraib al-'Abid's novel by Najwa bin Shatwan, a Libyan female writer, is a remarkable work in terms of structure and content. The subject of this realistic workis the story of the slavery system that dominated Libyan society during the years of occupation of the country by the Ottoman government and the beginning of Italian colonialism. In this research, the central characters and their actions and reactions in the course of the narration will be investigated in a descriptive and analytical way, and the course of events will be examined in terms of conformity and coincidence with the Bremon model. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the arrangement of events and developments and their sequence have a considerable harmony and discipline and its main and central characters are dynamic and well-organized.

 

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