Studies in

The Arabic novel is the result of global intellectual developments, the emergence and growth of which has been influenced by Western ideas particularly since the mid-nineteenth century. This study attempts to examine the narrative features of contemporary Arabic novels in a descriptive-analytical manner by collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information. In the early 1960s, the Arabic novel entered a new phase of development since the late nineteenth century; in the last three decades it has proved its own unique and special linguistic features. This study examines Naguib Mahfouz’s Arabian Nights and Days and Abdul Rahman Munif’s The Wanderer, the two novels which share common narrative features and structures. In order to analyze the story at different, its narrative structure, and omniscient narrator it is possible to apply the traditional narrative method (such exposition, conflict, climax, and falling action), examine the characterization of protagonists, and dialogues between the characters.

The importance of this research is the study of the quality of stylistic features in Iraqi narrative texts. This research examines stylistic and narrative features of Khan al-Shabandar novel. The art of fiction has a close relationship with sociocultural contexts of Arab countries, especially Iraq which has experienced destruction, lack of security and stability, division, sectarianism, exile and murder which are the products of wars. Issues of war and massacre constitute the main bulk of the oeuvre of contemporary Iraqi novelists, issues which have left significant effect on psyche of authors who combine the pain of war with the blood of the innocent people. As a result, they have begun to write down the sufferings of the country. Their fiction is the result of a true imitation of the truth with all its pains and sufferings and the ugliness of murder and terror. In fact, the creative writing of contemporary Iraqi authors shows the awareness of the danger of violence in all its dimensions. In Khan al-Shabandar novel, numerous scenes of violence reflect a bitter reality, a bitter reality which portrays bloody scenes of street explosions, destroyed buildings, the spread of fear, terror, repression, and explosions— as if the country has become a scene of war. This research seeks to examine the rhythm of events and time in the selected novel, paying attention to words of violence. It also tries to examine the context of the narrative. It might be suggested that the novel teems with rhetorical questions and command. The events, which narrate a fearful experience of a real context, are narrated based on the poetics of a rhetorical (dramatic) question.

Women in the Egyptian and Iranian society have played a prominent role in contemporary social and political events whereas Creative female personalities, such as the Iranian “Simin Daneshvar” and the Egyptian “Radwi Ashour”, appeared in the novel. In fact, they were interested in portraying the role of women in society through the writing of the novels "Siraj" by Radwa Ashour and “Savushun” by Simin Daneshvar. For this reason, the research has dealt with the overlap of the two narratives and on the general discourse prevailing over them in order to stand on the faces of the intended discourse of these two writers, approaching the analytical descriptive method, based on the realist school according to the feminist critical comparison approach in light of the American school of comparative literature. The research found that the two narratives overlap in terms of monitoring the social contents and real events in their society, and for this reason, the prevailing discourse became embodied in the historical discourse, and a return to history to monitor a social discourse to depict the role of women in Iranian and Arab society, while the two narratives abound with intense vocabulary, expressions and descriptions that depict women. In vocabulary and expressions so that an attempt was made to suggest the role of women and broadcast the woman’s voice through internal dialogue and retrieval of time from history, and for this the end of the two novels was a pioneering role for women in a feminist discourse and this stage passed through an emotional experience of the writers with social events and political facts in their Iranian and Arab countries for an honest expression that fulfills the feminist discourse And historical passing through the heritage.    

The narration in Arabic literature has had numerous inquiries, investigations, and studies. This is due to the great diversity of arts, branches, and variety of representations, especially those arts that are included in analogical expressions and linguistic expressions, such as stories and tales that represent real social actions. That are transmitted in a representative constructive manner and theexpressional performance. The narration of proverbs is based on the exchange of ideas or is transferred in dialogue through their representation when the context unit has been matched on two similar occasions. Literary work reveals the essential personality of norm on one hand and the culture of the society in therefore, it was said on the other hand. Which, it is not reasonable that the (Nahj Al Balagha) appeared as a result of an individual invention without relying on social realities related to the individual or group a group of people. Moreover, it is unreasonable that a literary form such as Nahj Al Balagha, characterized by such social richness has existed and remained for centuries as itwas studied by writers, scholars, and researchers. with great differences among each other as they belong to different environments and different nationalities across a period of time without a significant relationship between the content of this literary form and the most important aspects of social life. To reveal the value of Nahj Al Balagha among the narratives of culture and the norms of society, this study will employ to the method of tackling the proverbs and linguistic expressions of Imam Ali that were conveyed through his experiments and familiarities from inherited societies to the society in which he lived.  However, this study will be concerned ing on with two main points:
   The first issue is tackling the socio-cultural and the narratives of semiotic linguistic., whereas the second issue is tackling the mores, conventionalism, and traditional usage. It is worth mentioning that the research proceeded according to the historical method, with the inclusion of contextual and descriptive-analytical approaches. The significant results of this study concluded as are:
1-Each creative writer can stand on depend on the structure of the collective self collective to contemplate situations and events, and choose what he/she wants from the society says that radiate from the horizon of that creator for creative genius is at the forefront of persons each who try to form a collective self that exceeds the individual self.
2-The mores, customs, and tradition were represented in the stylistic approach of the proverbial expressions.  W which are inventions of the pre-Islamic Arab society; this indicates the influence of language of Nahj Al Balagha that became enrollment a true record in the history of Arab.

Identity is the most challenging subject in the modern world due to the flood of technology in the second half of the twentieth century, coupled with other post-modernist phenomena which have impacted our lives. Ibrahim Nasrollah, the renowned Palestinian author, in a novel titled: Harb al-Kalb al-Thaniah (The Second Dog War) has addressed this challenge through literature. In this novel, he has depicted the future of human life through an imaginary world, using magical realism. The basic concept of the novel is “Simulation”. This phenomenon enters the world of the story and spreads among the people. Day by day the people become more and more like each other and step by step, the fraudulence, violence and conflict in society increase and begin to take over. Through magic realism and using the descriptive –analytical approach to the novel, this paper seeks to study this process as an individual action leads to great human disaster.

This research is entitled (Aesthetics of slowness in the narration of the Holy Quran) and with the aim of showing the aesthetics of the slowness technique in narration in the Holy Quran by considering Surah Yusuf as a practical Sample. This research intends to unveil the aesthetic techniques in the Holy Quran, namely the techniques of dialogue and pause and their use in an artistic and semantic way and to examine the extent of its impact on narration and its semantic aims, which is beyond narration. And since it uses the Holy Quran as a material for the application of narrative and critical concepts and theories, it undoubtedly leads to an in-depth and important research that is not possible in any other text. Also, any study related to the Holy Quran will be an eternal research which survives on the wise sayings that God – the merciful - has preserved over the ages. This research conducted on descriptive and analytical method to observe and follow the artistic phenomena in Surah Yusuf, which slowness the narration in this surah; and This has been done with the aim of examining the slowness technique, discussing the structure of the narrative, and analyzing these two techniques to achieve objective results. It was determined that the art of dialogue is very widespread in Surah Yusuf; Even the conversational verses reach seventy-one verses from the total of ninety-eight verses, which is the number of verses in the surah. Finally, by examining the narration techniques, it becomes clear that these techniques, including slowness technique, cause a semantic balance in the surah.

This study aims to observe the nature of the ancient Arabic narrative, and on the basis of the narrative analytical method, by studying the feature of the encyclopedia that normalizes the ancient Arabic prose texts in a striking way, indicating the richness and abundance of knowledge, and the extension and bifurcation of the knowledge in the culture of the Arab writer. We have followed this feature in the book “Al-Imtāʿ wa al-Mu’ānasa” by Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi as a discourse based on the encyclopedic narrative, to know its manifestations, forms and functions. Al-Tawhidi's bet on achieving the goal of sitting with the minister is to be entertaining and enlightening, which justifies the speaker’s negotiation about what will prevent him from achieving this goal, and his request to overcome the obstacles that would disturb him during the performance of his mission. We understand from this the desire of Al-Tawhidi to harness all his encyclopedic capabilities and cultural qualifications to achieve the goal of "conversation and socialization", and the appearance of an encyclopedic writer is only a form of influence, as the speaker's goal is to provoke feelings of approval and satisfaction with Minister Ibn Saadan. The encyclopedic picture of the speaker, although it is a feature that characterizes the prose of the monotheism in its entirety, in the context of the gambling it was linked to the function of deliberative conduct, as the speaker intends to perform his educational and entertaining functions that were entrusted to him, so that he attains the approval of the Minister Ibn Saadan, and achieves favor in his council, and one of the documents brings us closer to this feature.

Narratology is the result of the expansion of the structuralist schools of the contemporary era. Gérard Genette, a Frenchman, is one of the leading narratologists whose views have attracted the attention of literary scholars. Literary products written for adults are analyzed from a narrative perspective, but less attention is paid to children's stories from this perspective. The implementation of literary theories on children's stories can lead to the recognition of various dimensions of the text of children's stories and reveal their hidden layers. Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra is a science fiction story written by Egyptian writer Nabil Khalaf in 2004. The present study intends to show Gérard Genette's narrative components in the story of Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra by a descriptive-analytical method and using library sources. The results of the research have shown that the author has been able to narrate the story impressively, using both inside and outside narrator. The element of time is not linear and timelessness can be seen in some parts of it. In terms of continuity, in 15 episodes of this story, there is a compression of time. The story inspire an emotional environment filled with of joy, sadness and fear in children. After examining the story with a narrative approach, the authors came to the conclusion that the narrative components have been present in the story and the story of Farashat al-Amirat al-Hamra is a fascinating and age-appropriate story for children.

Since its emergence, novel has been concerned with the concept of freedom in relation to society. Kurds, Masters without Horses deals with several concepts such as freedom, imagination, society and identity. The Arabic novel, refusing to be pushed into social margins, has become a safety valve that prevents nations from falling into the pit of oblivion. The novel takes place in a complex world where freedom is the concern and goal of literature and identity is the concern of the writer. In this context, the main question concenrs the challenges of the Arabic novel in relation to identity, freedom and history. Is the novel a cultural necessity for freedom? Is it rooted in a cultural need, without which it is impossible to live? Is this the same anti-historical novel crafted by official institutions under the name of the History of the Utopia which is full of lies? Does the novel have the power to speak of the unspoken history and the power to protect the bridges of dialogue that are getting narrower and narrower every day? This article tries to study the cultural issues presented in novel from a critical framework. The novel is a prime example ethnic identity narration as it relates the pains and sufferings of the Kurds. Despite the language of the novel, which is devoid of poetic overtones and decorations, sometimes it tedious and difficult to understand it. The novel contains an implicit appeal which invites the reader to read the novel up to the end. It is a novel that expresses the fate of a nation and the oppression it has received from other countries. As with the protagonist, readers witness the redefinition of ethnic identity in this novel.