Dr Sedigheh Zoodranj, Phd Student Atossa Karami,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (7-1983)
Abstract
Pragmatics is a major branch of linguistics that deals with the speaker’s implied meanings in an utterance. In fact, the addressee can recognize and interpret these meanings using register. One of the main concepts in pragmatics is presupposition which refers to the shared background between the speaker and the addressee in a conversation. In other words, the speaker communicates with the addressee based on what is already assumed, and these assumptions can be decoded with the help of the register. George Yule divides presupposition into six types, namely, existential, factive, lexical, structural, non-factive, and counter-factual. Comedy plays are closely related to the realities of the society due to their satirical criticism of the dominant order and social issues. In his comedy play Mismar Juha, Ali Ahmad Bakthir uses the character of Juha as well as verbal humor to unveil the problems of the Arab society and encourage people to stand against the oppression of English colonialism. The present study which follows a descriptive-analytical method Based on linguistic pragmatics, seeks to explain different kinds of presupposition and their role in creating verbal humor in Mismar Juha. The findings suggest that the author makes use of all the six types of presupposition. He utilizes different techniques including violation of speaker’s presupposition, satirical use of presupposition, and conversion of one type of presupposition into another in order to create verbal humor and criticize the social conditions. Existential presupposition is the most frequent type in this play whereas counter-factual presupposition is the least frequent type.
Naeem Amouri, جواد سعدون زاده, Yousef Motaqiannia,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (9-1983)
Abstract
Existentialism emerged as a result of the two world wars that left darkness and doubt in our world. rather, it was linked to novels and short stories since its beginning. Mustafa Mahmoud had extensive intellectual and philosophical contributions to his literature. Based on this, the research attempts to study the novel “The Impossible” by Mustafa Mahmoud according to the existentialist doctrine, using the descriptive, analytical, and philosophical approach. The results show that Mustafa Mahmoud tried to show the most important existentialist conflicts in the novel “The Impossible”; Anxiety appeared in the adventures of the novel's characters, as "Helmy" and "Fatima" attempted to escape anxiety by forgetting, gambling, and sexual relations. The source of anxiety was in the personal decisions and multiple desires of the two heroes. As for freedom, it appeared in two contradictory forms: the image of paternal authority rooted in the novel's society, and the liberated vision standing against prevailing norms and laws. From the absence of freedom came the birth of alienation, the monotony of the hero, and his laziness. There is a close connection between self-confidence, the lack of transparent feelings, non-normativity, and deviation from society and its morals, and the separation of the individual and his alienation from himself and from society. Likewise, the relationship between the self and the other appeared in a dialectical form full of quarrels and continuous conflicts in the family within the novel's society.
Hosein Marashi, Azam Sadegian,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (9-1983)
Abstract
Muhammad Mu'min Al-Jaza'iri Al-Shirazi is a notable Iranian author interested in the art of Maqama in the late 11th and early 12th centuries. His works include several Maqamas found in three books: Maqama Nasikha, Tayf al-Khayal, and Khazanat al-Khayal, though many remain unpublished. The Maqamas authored by Muhammad Mu'min Al-Jaza'iri differ from those of Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadhani and Al-Hariri in terms of style, subject matter, and purpose. The writer deviates from the established norms of the Maqama genre, showcasing a unique approach that distinguishes his work within this literary tradition. Somewhat, this made the author an innovative figure in this literary style. Among all his Maqamas, one that particularly catches our attention is the Swadiya, the seventh Maqama in the book Tayf al-Khayal, which discusses the debate between knowledge and wealth. In this work, the author breaks away from the principles established by Badi' al-Zaman al-Hamadhani and Al-Hariri. This study focuses on the narrator's role and types within the Swadiya Maqama, highlighting its artistic and aesthetic value through modern methodological tools. The research reveals that the author employs a first-person narrative style, conveying events with personal feelings and limited knowledge while expressing internal emotions without accessing characters' thoughts. A key feature is the use of multiple narrators, providing varied perspectives. The study also emphasizes the use of epistolary art in this Maqama, suggesting it represents a new type of epistolary narrative in Arabic literature.
Assistant Professor Pouran Rezaei, Assistant Professor Ali Khaleghi,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (9-1983)
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is one of the advanced methodologies in the study of discourse that deals with language. It helps, through the contribution of text and speech, to creating social and political authority. Norman Fairclough was the first to develop a study in critical discourse analysis. Hanna Minna, the Syrian novelist (1924-1991). His novels were concerned with social realism and class conflict. Part of his own experiences had a distinct impact on his writings about people’s daily suffering, as he did not stop embodying the bitter reality of his childhood, and considered it an inspiration for his novels. He wrote the novel “The Struggle of Two Women” in Dar Al-Adab Publications in 2007 AD, and “The Struggle of Two Women,” which is the second part of his novel “Haret Al-Shahadin.” Events appear mixed with the colors of life, love, jealousy, patriotism and sacrifice. Hanna Minna, in his entertaining narrative style, opens the window of history on the story of the heroic Syrian struggle against the French colonizer and his supporters from the people of Latakia, the destinies of intertwined characters during the exciting chase in Syria and its neighborhoods. The research revolves around three levels: The first is the “level of description,” which deals with the external weaving of the text. The second is the “level of explanation,” which searches for the ideology present in the text of the novel. The third is the “level of interpretation,” which is a study of the internal weaving of the text, and the idea and emotion are the meaning of this text. The approach we have adopted in this article is descriptive and analytical, which deals with the novel “The Struggle of Two Women” in the light of Norman Fairclough’s vision. One of the most important results that can be concluded in this research is that the description in the text structure of the novel focuses on the element of repetition, and intertextuality is “another novel between this novel.” And also, in terms of the similarity of phrases that distinguish the novel from the rest of it. The level of explanation that expresses the author's ideology was, the writer tells us about the struggle of the Syrians against the French occupation through two Syrian women and their struggle to excel in the struggle and at the same time for the heart of a man.
