Showing 136 results for Type of Study: Research
Raja Abuali, Maedeh Zohriarab,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
Metafiction is a style of writing novel and a phenomenon that emerges from postmodern narration, and one of its features is experimentation and breaking the familiar patterns of the novel and there is no doubt that metafiction is a kind of displacement in the narrative and it tends to produce a new vision and a new discourse that dominates over the discourse that is known to everyone, and on this basis, metafiction opens more than one subject for the recipient. It also means "the story about the story," that is, the novel's talk about itself or the description of its inner world, and it discusses its critical perceptions about the narration. However, the attempt of metafiction to break and destroy the old and build it again in a different framework, is what made it a postmodern technique. It is important to say that "William Gass" is one of the famous who used this term in his critical studies. The phenomenon of metafiction has attracted the attention of researchers, and they are applying it to a number of Arabic and other novels; hence the idea of this research came to apply the features and forms of metafiction in the novel "Azazel" by Youssef Zaidan, based on the descriptive-analytical style. Hence, the aim of this research is to explore metafictive forms by analyzing their metafictive text to show the writer's creativity. One of the results we have reached in this research is that the metafictive style in this novel is seen through aspects such as: reference to writing, the rebellion of characters against the author, breaking chronology and other metafictive techniques.
Kobra Roshanfekr , Samira Heidarirad,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
The female biography plays a significant role in expressing the ideology of the female writer and shows the importance of women writers in relation to the important issues of the society. In other words; the writing of female autobiography is different from other types of literature because it directly emphasizes the essence of women in the face of the patriarchal society and is the best way to depict the concerns of women, especially Arab women. The current research is trying to examine the biography of the Egyptian writer Razavi "Al-Sarkha" based on the descriptive-analytical approach and relying on cultural criticism. "Sarkha" is the second part of the book "Asqal Man Razavi" in which he combines the experience of his personal life and the political events of the country. In other words, he portrays his severe illness, which is associated with the unsettled conditions of Egypt in 2010-2013. The most important results of the research are: Razavi Ashour is an intellectual writer who in his biography talks about women who had a deep influence on the formation of his personal experience. Also, culture and society play a significant role in the formation of Arab women's identity. Razavi's main concern in the issue of women is the issue of women's education, and he wants to make reforms in the field of freedom of expression in the Arab society.
Ali Khaleghi , Ati Abiat,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
Critical discourse analysis is one of the advanced theories in the study of discourse that deals with language, and helps through text and speech to create social and political power. Norman Fairclough was the first to develop a study in the analysis of critical discourse. Ahmed Al-Saadawi, the Iraqi novelist (1973-till now) wrote the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" and won the Arab Booker Prize. Hadi Al-Atak (a seller of antiques in a neighborhood in central Baghdad), was collecting the remains of the victims of terrorist bombings during the winter of 2005, to paste these parts and produce a strange human being, who quickly rises to carry out a massive revenge and revenge against the criminals who killed its parts. The fates of intertwined personalities during the exciting pursuit in Baghdad and its neighborhoods. The research revolves around three levels: the first is the “description level” which deals with the external weaving of the text, the second is the “explanation level” which searches for the ideology found in the text of the novel, and the third is the “interpretation level” which is a study on The internal weaving of the text, and the idea and emotion are the significance of this text.We would like to summarize the results of the research: as follows: The description in the structure of the text The novel focuses on the element of repetition and intertextuality “another narration between this narration”, as well as in terms of resemblance to the phrases that distinguish the narration from the rest. Likewise, the level of explanation is limited to the ideology in which the events of the novel take place in one of the old Baghdad neighborhoods, in the Al-Batoun neighborhood, which is known for the mixing of its residents of different nationalities, sects and homogeneous sects. In terms of interpretation, emotion plays a positive role in this novel, as the disturbing facts of an explosion or other terrorist campaigns occur. The approach that we have adopted in this regard is the descriptive-analytic that deals with the novel "Frankenstein in Baghdad" in the light of Norman Fairclough's vision.
Mazaher Sharifi , Ali Salimi, Ali Akbar Mohseni, Maryam Rahmati,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
The structural study of the novel as an outstanding literary genre by analysing the internal components and descrbing the relationships of these elements makes its inner layers clear to the audience. Influenced by pioneer structuralists ideas, especially Prop, Claude Bermon, a famous French philosopher and narratologist, designed a new model for structural analysis of narrations. A template that can be adapted to any language and style. According to this theory, narrative is a coherent and related set of sequences that makes up the structure of story. The combination and sequential process of these main and sub-sequences make the outline of the narrations. And the characters of the story play a role in shaping the plot and the series of events in proportion to their presence and influence in the narration. Zaraib al-'Abid's novel by Najwa bin Shatwan, a Libyan female writer, is a remarkable work in terms of structure and content. The subject of this realistic workis the story of the slavery system that dominated Libyan society during the years of occupation of the country by the Ottoman government and the beginning of Italian colonialism. In this research, the central characters and their actions and reactions in the course of the narration will be investigated in a descriptive and analytical way, and the course of events will be examined in terms of conformity and coincidence with the Bremon model. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that the arrangement of events and developments and their sequence have a considerable harmony and discipline and its main and central characters are dynamic and well-organized.
Omid Jahanbakht Layli , Seyed Esmail Hoseyni Ajdad, Shahram Delshad,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
Mosaic narration is a style of modern Arabic narration that has been used in many new novels. This narrative style is characterized by overlap, contradiction, fragmentation, intertwining and disintegration. By employing this technique, an intertwined narrative text is generated in terms of the subjective and main elements of the narration such as time, place and personality. It also transcends the narration from the traditional method in terms of framework elements, and the novel tends towards poetry, play and short story. This narrative approach came in response to the needs of the Arab narrative in the course of its development and maturity, and appeared to dismantle the old narrative logic based on linearity and consistency. Given the importance of identifying the new narrative formats, this article seeks, by relying on the descriptive-analytical method, to study this method in the novel “Raml al-Mayah” by the famous Algerian novelist Wassini al-Araj, in which he searches for new expressive ways. The findings show that this Algerian novelist has taken a step towards modernization and innovation with regard to the process of adapting the basic story of "One Thousand and One Nights". takes a step towards innovation and creativity, and in turn gives the heritage narration new events, calling for presenting the new idea and the fragmented narrative experience, as he destroys the old narrative logic in content and formulation, thus generating from his lips a fragmented, fragmented narrative text characterized by Diversity and intertwining. Based on this, we find that the description dominates the novel and the narrator is concerned with linguistic aesthetics, connotations, and wonderful vibrant expressions. He presents things, selves and personalities in description, and does not take care of the narration and its development. The narration turns into media-manifest writings through these intensive descriptions, and this structure ended with the overlap of times and places and the failure to choose the temporal thread. and spatial coherence. Time and place are not specified in the narration, as events take place in different places and times. In the end, the language and the structure in it are characterized by the remarkable fluidity and the transfer between the poetic, narrative, colloquial and classical cases. In any case, it goes beyond the usual narrative language thanks to its dynamism and dynamism.
Amene Forouzan Kamali, Khodadad Bahri, Rasoul Balavi ,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
The hybridization is one of the most prominent critical concepts in novels and stories, which means the diversity and combination of languages, styles, dialogues and literary genres in a single text. Hybridization, from the point of view of Mikhail Bakhtin and the Russian formalists is a kind of stylistic aesthetics which indicates the genius of the novelist and his mastery of writing polyphonic novels. The novel "Ashar Salawat le-algasad" by Wafa 'Abd al-Razzaq is one of these types of novels, which hybridization included its components such as: personality, space-time, and the form of language and style. This research tries to use descriptive-analytical method to study the effects of "hybridization" and how to use it in the novel "Ashar Salawat Le-aljasd" by Wafa Abd al-Razzaq. Results show that the author has combined his novel with other literary genres such as poetry and biography and has used their techniques in his text to give it dynamism and beauty. As it deals with the combination of characters and sounds, as well as temporal and spatial spaces, which are reflected in the multiplicity of places and times by moving from the past to the present or from one place to another. As it deals with the combination of her own views and those of women who each express a common pain, these thoughts and ideas are in conflict with the views arising from the religion and culture of each country regarding the identity of women and social status.
Faramarz Mirzaei , Khalil Parvini, Zahra Rezaei,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
It is important to tell the history for children in the form of a story instead of a soulless and direct report. Because the story has magical tools, including character structurizing, which has attracted the attention of the audience and made it a suitable educational tool for teaching history to children. Abdul-Tawab Yossef teaches the history of Islam to children by using the art of story in his collection of stories (20 stories from the life of Prophet Muhammad). Among the author's tricks in teaching history is the design of fictional characters and their structurizing in the form of objects and animals. This collection of stories is a historical novel about the life of the Messenger of God, which narrates the real events of his life relying on artistic structures. The center of these artistic structures is character structurizing, which has been used for easy understanding of history. The narrator in these stories is designed objects and animals that the author has given life to so that they assume the dignity of humans and living creatures and narrate events from their observations as fictional characters. Based on the descriptive analytical method, this research examines 6 stories from this collection of stories and investigates how to use characters to facilitate the understanding of history and to express it in an easy way to children. The stories in this collection are divided into two parts: human characters that are taken from the history of Islam and have the role of documenting historical events in the story. The second division is fictional characters who play the role of narrators who, as witnesses, narrate the events as they happened. The author chose these characters to attract the attention of the audience to make it easy for the child to understand history by mixing reality with amazing imagination. Especially, he has established a close relationship between those historical events and the structurizing of the characters, which can fulfill the responsibility of the narrative well.
Dr Ali Sayadani , Dr Parviz Ahmadzdeh Hoj, - Shahla Heidari,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (10-2022)
Abstract
Since the novel has a role in influencing the reader, novelists use it to express the realities of life. And in order to be able to increase the effectiveness, they use the five senses in expressing events. But the issue of this effectiveness was not specifically considered in the discussions of researchers like other topics. Therefore, in this research, we chose Jalal Burgess's novel "Dafatir Al-warraq" as a model to examine the sensory mechanisms in the depiction of events that are harmoniously placed in the narrative parts of this novel. And we examine this research by considering the equivalent of the sense of sight and hearing in a descriptive and analytical way. It was concluded that the author connected the senses of his novel text with the living reality with this match to depict the relationship between them more. On the one hand, this case was intended to increase the sphere of influence on the receiver and on the other hand, to create the integration of two different worlds such as the narrative world and the realistic world. The distribution between peer emotions in realistic and virtual divided aspects led to aesthetic representations. which was placed in its concepts to create mutual dependence between two different parties, and Burgess was successful in expressing this fusion of imagination and reality in the novel Events.
Saeid Savari,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Literary genres in the contemporary period, especially since the use of narrative techniques by contemporary poets, have got intertwined, and poets have used narrative techniques for aesthetic purposes and connecting them with meaning in poetry. With regard to this, this study examines the contemporary prose-odes of Ibrahim Nasrallah and the interaction between contemporary poetry and narrative techniques in order to analyze their aesthetic and semantic features. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical framework in order to both extract narrative techniques from contemporary prose odes and explain why the poet does not depart from the structure of poetry and prose odes despite the use of story-telling techniques. It finds that the mixture of real and emotional dimensions in Ibrahim Nasrallah’s poetry is due to the Palestine case which forms the main real part of his poetry. The poet's narrative techniques are aesthetic devices to communicate the aesthetic and semantic dimensions of his odes. In this regard, the poet’s poetry responded to narrative elements, built upon several techniques and methods that express his vision, ideas, and emotional state. His style consists of literary aesthetic and semantic development in order to cover spaces, contexts, and semantic gaps, as well as a dense plurality of transferring images and narrative profiles in order to expand the poetic text towards worldview.
Zohreh Behroozi, Mohammad Javad Pour Abed, Ali Khezri,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Time is one of the significant features of narration that links the events of a text together based on stylistic choices. Time, in terms of analopsis or prolepsis, can create anachrony in a text. Ghassan Kanafani, utilizing this technique in Return to Haifa, attempts to narrate the confusion and displacement experienced by the characters. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the role of anachrony in introducing characters, presenting information, and affecting readers. The study identifies 31 instances of analopsis in the novel. The characters’ analopsis appears in forms of conversations and reminiscences of war and displacement as the result of stimulating of senses and attending a specific place like such as the beach, streets, and houses. In this regard, the author narrates the 20-year experience of displacement and forced migrations of people since 1947. Saeed, a character in the novel, uses prolepsis 7 times in his speeches, which probably crystallize the 1967 awareness (enlightenment) among people. It can be concluded that Kanfani expresses his optimism towards the nationalists’ movements and the Palestinian people by relying on preliminary analopsis and reporting future events, believing that people are ready to pay high costs to fulfill national goals.
Milad Darvishi, Zohreh Naemi, Soudabeh Mozaffari, Soghra Falahati,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Postcolonialism, as an approach, examines literary texts from different perspectives some of which are more frequent in academic centers like hegemony, center-periphery, subaltern voice and Orientalism. The components that underpin this approach are considerably divers and dynamic, one of which is palimpsest that can be defines as writing over/on previous writings. Colonizers impose their culture, literature, and language over those of the colonized territories, yet are not able to erase them altogether. Indeed, precolonial cultural products underpin the colonial cultural products. The postcolonial culture of colonized countries is like a container that contains the works of the former natives in addition to the colonial writings. The aim of postcolonial writings, therefore, can be shedding light on these underpinning layers as the cultural identity of indigenous people. This study draws on recent postcolonial approaches, particularly that of Bill Ashcroft, to discover the vanished Egyptian cultural underpinnings in A Part of Europe written by Radwa Ashour. The study of palimpsest, an infrequent concept in postcolonial studies paves the way for new critical readings of the novel. It finds that the novel’s narrator by addressing the economic, literary and media palimpsests of the colonial discourse that have undermined those of the natives, attempts to reflect native values and warn readers of the colonial discourse hidden in it.
Ali Akbar Mollaie, Saied Morteza Sabbagh Jaafari, Samira Heidarirad,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
Omar Ibn Abi Rabia is a famous poet of the Islamic and Umayyad periods. His poems are mainly lyrical, and he played a crucial role in giving independence to lyrical poetry. In his sonnets, the body parts of the Self and the Other are described in a concrete and meaningful way. The presence of the body in the field of language, especially in lyrical compositions, is increasingly important. This study examines the verbal structures and rhetorical methods that the poet used to describe the body parts and considers the female body as a non-verbal medium based on a descriptive-analytical framework and narrative statistics. The statistical table, by determining the frequency of body parts and the type of descriptive or media function, explains the implications meanings of each part. The study finds that the vocabularies that the poet uses in order to describe the beloved’s body are semantically rooted in Arabic poetry. From a rhetorical point of view, there are a few examples of the homogeneous description of the Other’s body. In terms of communication and media function, the Self’s and the Other’s body have psychological and emotional implication and are tied to customary and social symbols, which are manifest in gestures and dress codes. Body plays a significant role in Omar’s poetry as it functions as a discourse that sheds light on the poet’s conscious and unconscious layers of mind.
Hossein Mohtadi, Rodayna Jaber, Kahlil Boujahjah,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
The End of a Brave Man addresses the issue of childhood and its effect on the individual's personality, considering the great impact that harsh upbringing has on the psyche of children, in addition to the impact of society and peers on them. The significance of studying the novel from a psychological point of view is twofold: on the one hand, the author of the novel is one of the leaders of contemporary Arab novelists and, on the other hand, the focus of the story is on the importance of childhood in building a person's character. Accordingly, this study pinpoints the impact of childhood on Mufid al-Wahsh, the protagonist of the novel. The main question that this research addresses is that what are the most important environmental factors affecting the development of Mofid al-Wahsh's personality? To answer this question, the study examines the role of parents in forming a child’s personality, along with the role of teachers, peers, and village people as members of society. It finds that the novel portrays a picture of an abused child who is subject to sufferings and pains as imposed by society. He experiences the first layer of abuse from the family due to emotional disorder as his kind mother cannot make up for his father’s unforgiveness. The second environmental factor is school where he comes to hate knowledge as he is fired from classes. Also, his peers spark misery and rebellion in him. Finally, the people of the village torture him regularly. Mofid al-Wahsh's personality represents the character of numerous men who lived in such a repressive upbringing environment. The protagonist’s conduct is indeed is a natural reflection of the upbringing he received, an upbringing that is based on the oppression of the father in the patriarchal Eastern society, a society where mothers have no role but to cry.
Zohreh Ghorbani Madavani, Masoumeh Mikaeili,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
A significant concern in literary studies is the rights and status of women. The image of women in literature is affected by cultural and social realities, and in turn, can change these realities. This showcases the importance of novels that address feminism from perspectives. The Blue-Collar Girl narrates the outbreak of an epidemy in the future that affects women’s life and causes important changes in the world. These changes create new limitations for some women that deprive them of basic life rights including family life, education, work, and marriage. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines the continuous and multi-faceted oppression of women and the distinctive image of women in The Blue-Collar Girl to showcase the role of women in liberating women from oppression. It finds that, in terms of characterizing a female heroine, the novel presents a distinctive image of women underpinned by courage, strength, hard work, rescue, self-reliance and other positive characteristics. Such a heroine image liberates women from slavery and oppression in order to reclaim their deprived rights. The novel implies that submission deprives people of their rights.
Reza Mohammadi, Azam Shamsoddini, Fateme Sistani,
Volume 4, Issue 1 (12-2022)
Abstract
The theoretical bases of contemporary narratology are arguably rooted in Russian formalism and in Ferdinand de Saussure’s structural linguistics. Narratology, accordingly, emerged as an independent field of study in the second half of the 20th century, and narratologists such as Gérard Genette articulated the theoretical foundations of narratology. They propounded five key categories used particularly in the analysis of novel: order, continuity, frequency, mood, and voice. Voice, in the analysis of novel, is coterminous with narration which contains two important aspects: “time” and “place”. This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical framework, examines different aspects of voice in Memoirs of an Iraqi Dog based on Genette’s ideas. The study finds that the form of voice used in novel is an internal one at the level of place and futuristic at temporal level.
Mohammad Ghafourifar, Israa Abdulhasan Abdulkareem Al-Mimar, Malek Salemi,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Ibn Sharaf al-Qayrawani is considered as one of the most famous writers on the subject of writing maqama, in which he draws inspiration from literary techniques such as allusions, proverbs, grammatical and jurisprudential riddles, and others. This research, using a descriptive-analytical method, tries to analyze her artistic and creative features in writing maqama by examining the narrative structure in Ibn Sharaf al-Qirwani’s authorities and narrative factors. The study finds that considering narrative elements, Ibn Sharaf al-Qairwani has a special skill in presenting fictional characters both directly and indirectly. Also, the structure of time is consistent with the artistic rhythm of maqamah. In addition, he excels in structuring the plot by presenting events in a somewhat coherent form.
Mohammad Akbari, Sudabah Mozafari,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Communicative implication is considered as one of the most important concepts and points of view in linguistic studies. Pole Grice is one of the most prominent theorists, whose communicative maxims are based on the principle of coordination. According to this theory, interlocutors are required to follow different maxims in their speech. Conversation should revolve around 4 main maxims: maxim of quantity, maxim of quality, maxim of occasion, and maxim of approach. The absence of every single one in conversation would disrupt the flow of conversation and transmission of speaker’s words from explicit meaning to implicit meaning based on position or status, the implication of which can be analyzed based on Grice’s model. The objective of this article is to examine communicative implications in White Barde Sun. It finds that characters (interlocutors) in the novel break the rules of communicative implication of Grice and accordingly, pay more attention to implicit meaning. It is contended that maxims of quantity, quality, location, and method (approach) are deviated in conversations to showcase the protagonist’s mistakes.
Vali Baharvand, Joseph Motaghian Nia,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Alienation, a very common phenomenon in society, is considered as one of the crises of humankind. This phenomenon happens when people feel defeated and are unable to respond to social needs and changes, whereby they reject cultural beliefs and values as accepted by the public. One of the contemporary theorists who gave a scientific description and analysis of this phenomenon is Melvin Seaman, who organized his approach in five components. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, we seek to examine Adrakaha Al Nisyaan novel by Sanna Shaalan, a prolific writer of contemporary Arab literature. It finds that that all the axes of Simon’s theory are reflected in the behavior of the novel's characters, and the writer was able to rebuke the authoritarian society of the novel by characterizing its people as foreigners. In addition, the heroine of the novel fails to communicate with the society around because she is frustrated and oppressed, which tellingly appears in the words that the author uses to confusion, misery, and brokenness. She lives in a society where its ideas and standards are different from her dreams and desires, due to which love, patriotism, and freedom are overlooked. The alienation of the characters in the novel is the result of several factors, including tyranny and oppression of the ruling class, denying the deprived class of effective participation in managing social system, denying the value of creativity, and paying attention to pretention.
Maedeh Zohriarab, Reza Nazamian,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
This article examines a postmodern mode of narration, i.e., meta-narrative, which was first employed by the American novelist William Gass. Metafiction is one of the most important features of postmodern literature, which is different from the traditional mode of narration, that draws on new techniques in writing fiction. This study attempts to examine the meta-adventure in Afaei Alnar by Jalal Barjas, in which metafiction techniques are used in order to new and wide spaces. Based on a descriptive-analytical approach, this study concludes that the narrative of Jalal Barjas often oscillates between fantasy and reality, between the past and the present. Among the most important metaphorical techniques he employes in the novel are the followings: evoking writing rituals, referring to the process of writing, embodying writing anxiety, fragmenting narration through creating multiple narrators (polyphony), and oscillating between illusory imagination and truth. These items draw the reader’s attention more to the narration process itself than to the subject of narration.
Hasan Rahimi Nasab, Kobra Khosravi, Ali Nazari,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
hazi Abdul Rahman Al-Gosaibi is considered as one of the most prominent writers in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and a renowned critic. He used humor frequently in his works in historical, political, social, cultural, and economic guise, to showcase his critical stance towards the failed and incompetent Arab regimes in a gray tone, and towards the colonial Western regimes in a stark black tone. This paper intends to study the art of humor and its role in The Amphibian Abu Shallakh, particularly how humor carries semantic meanings with it based on a descriptive-analytical approach. Al-Gosaibi does not only intend to make the reader laugh, but aims to search for pains and fears of life in Islamic and non-Islamic communities. The writer intends to cure national and social problems through bitter and stinging humorous criticism, revealing the stupidity and naivety of society and the cleverness of rulers and states in exploiting this naivety. Al-Gosaibi’s humor has two basic features: First, in terms of significance, it carries revolutionary meanings that denounce political, social, cultural, and economic regimes around the world, especially in Arab academies. Secondly, in terms of style, it was formulated in blatant language and a strong and overwhelming tone that targets the regimes that betrayed the Arab and global causes, especially the Islamic world. In the end, it discusses the writer's most prominent methods of expressing concepts in a humorous way.
