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Dr. Gholamreza Karimifard, Parvin Khalili, Dr. Masoud Bavanpouri,
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Spring and summer 2021)
Abstract
Within the pasr few decades, psychological criticism has become an integral part of literary criticism, paving the way for a proper understanding literary texts. The analysis of authors’ emotional and psychological condition is of prime significance in this regard. Sigmund Freud, the founder of modern psychology, postulated three levels of human awareness: the preconscious, the conscious, and the unconscious which are tinged with sexual and aggressive impulsesThe psychological make up is composed of the ego, the id, and the super ego which constitute the core of an individual’s personality. The Game of Forgetfulness (1987) is one of the most important novels written by Muhammad Barada and has been subject to numerous studies by scholars from various fields. This paper studies the presentation of grief and psychological conflict in characters’ social relations. The main theme in the novel concerns the psychological condition of some family members after the death of their mother, and the problems and difficulties they meet in the society. A psychological analysis sheds light on their preocupation with depression, grief, psychological conflict, and nostalgia which are symptomatic of Barada’s society. The characters suffer from obsessions, ailments, and anguish caused by disasters and mischeifs
Dr. Naeem Amouri , Mrs Parvin Khalili, Dr. Masoud Bavanpouri ,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Fall and winter 2022 2022)
Abstract
Magical realism means the combination of reality, magic and imagination, that is, reality and the unreal. This style is a new style in Arabic novelism, in addition to exploring the narrative form and transcending the boundaries of the narrative tradition, opening the way for him to explain some of the issues through this new form of narrative. This literary tendency has developed in Arabic novels and among its writers; one of them is Ahmad Khaled Tawfiq (1962- 2018). He is one of the pioneers of the literature of fear in contemporary Arabic literature. He has written valuable works and novels in this field; one of his most famous novels is "Fi Mamar el-Feeran" and is an advanced and advanced type of "The Story of the Exalted One", No. 68 of his supernatural series. In this novel, he has addressed the social issues of his society, Egypt, with a place of fear and magic, imagination, fear and darkness and myth. The present study is an analytical-descriptive study of the events of this novel from the perspective of magic realism and tries to understand the social and political aspects hidden in it. One of the most important findings of the research is that Khaled Tawfiq draws a picture of contemporary Egyptian society and how they deal with issues such as poverty, ignorance, darkness, and fear of enemies, and exposes problems of their nation such as despair, deprivation, and cruelty such as enemies. Israel picks up. In this way he has used extensive imagination and various techniques such as combining real elements with the imagination and applying Greek myths such as Odysseus, Prometheus, etc., and accurately describing superstitious persons and personalities.
Vali Baharvand , Naeem Amouri, Parvin Khalili,
Volume 3, Issue 2 (Spring & Sammer 2022)
Abstract
Discourse explains the connection between language and society because discourse is the use of language to influence the audience. Critical discourse analysis originated from sociology and is one of the modern critical approaches influenced by the philosophical views of Michel Foucault, Marx and Freud and believes that there is a dialectical relationship between language and society. One of the pioneers of this approach is Norman Fairclough, whose theory rests on three levels: description, explanation, and explanation. Alaa Al Aswany's Automobile Club is one of the most famous contemporary Arab novels that explains the ideology of power and the social and political conditions in a modernist style in Egyptian society. In this article, we try to analyze the critical discourse of this novel based on the three levels of Norman Fairclough's theory adhering to the descriptive-analytical method. The results show that vocabulary and structures such as choosing the imperative form and using plural pronouns instead of singular pronouns describe solidarity, totalitarian ideology, antagonism and contrast, and clarify the contrast between the character of the kou who oppresses Egyptians and obeys foreigners. The repetition describes the discourse of protest and resistance against colonialism, the most important place being the "Car Club" where important events by foreigners and British take place. At the level of interpretation, historical intertextuality refers to previous texts such as Quranic verses, narratives, and historical events such as the Holocaust, the Haganah, Hitler's dictatorship and his crimes against humanity. At the level of clarity, the author explains the ideology of Egyptian colonialism and the power in the two forms of British power over Egypt in a strong way, and also the power of Englishman James over Egyptian slaves weakly in the novel. Al-Aswany reflects the revolution of the oppressed against the oppressor, and his most important goals are the destruction of the British occupation and the independence of Egypt, and in this way the author reflects the dignity and humanity that were destroyed under the clutches of the colonists.
Vali Baharvand, Joseph Motaghian Nia,
Volume 4, Issue 3 (10-2022)
Abstract
Alienation, a very common phenomenon in society, is considered as one of the crises of humankind. This phenomenon happens when people feel defeated and are unable to respond to social needs and changes, whereby they reject cultural beliefs and values as accepted by the public. One of the contemporary theorists who gave a scientific description and analysis of this phenomenon is Melvin Seaman, who organized his approach in five components. This article, with a descriptive-analytical method, we seek to examine Adrakaha Al Nisyaan novel by Sanna Shaalan, a prolific writer of contemporary Arab literature. It finds that that all the axes of Simon’s theory are reflected in the behavior of the novel's characters, and the writer was able to rebuke the authoritarian society of the novel by characterizing its people as foreigners. In addition, the heroine of the novel fails to communicate with the society around because she is frustrated and oppressed, which tellingly appears in the words that the author uses to confusion, misery, and brokenness. She lives in a society where its ideas and standards are different from her dreams and desires, due to which love, patriotism, and freedom are overlooked. The alienation of the characters in the novel is the result of several factors, including tyranny and oppression of the ruling class, denying the deprived class of effective participation in managing social system, denying the value of creativity, and paying attention to pretention.
Zenab Neyestani, Naimeh Parandavaj, Fatemeh Arefifar,
Volume 5, Issue 4 (6-2024)
Abstract
In the last two centuries, many scholars in social, cultural, and literary fields of study have addressed women’s concerns and their centrality in literary works. Women-centered criticism or feminist criticism examines works created by women or about women in order to provide a specific framework for their analysis and explication. Elaine Showalter, a feminist theorist, proposes four variants for this critical approach: biological, linguistic, psychological, and cultural. The cultural aspect investigates how women are characterized by society, as well as the role of society in shaping the works and activities of women. Therefore, it can be regarded as a kind of sociological criticism, insofar as the conditions of the society in which the writer lives and her position in interacting with other people determine the content of her work. The objective of this article is to examine how social concerns are represented in Sahar Khalifeh’s Origin and Branch. The article adopts a descriptive-analytical method and draws on woman-centered criticism as theorized by Elaine Showalter. It addresses how Palestinian society affected Khalifeh’s thinking in the 1930s and 1940s and how this effect could be traced in her novel. It finds that the novel challenges the patriarchal society of Palestine by depicting the Palestinian society in the first half of the 20th century and the early years of the occupation of Palestine. The domination of men over women is criticized by dealing with factors such as women’s forced marriage, deprivation of education and employment, concern for life and economic independence, and hatred of being forgotten by other women. Thus, the traditional Palestinian society of that day has left its impact on all dimensions and orientations of Khalifeh’s thoughts. In Origin and Branch, like her other novels, she compares the domination of men over women to Israel’s domination over Palestine and condemns both. Finally, this paper argues that femininity symbolizes homeland for Khalifeh.
Zeinab Mayahi, الدکتور رسول بلاوی, Rasoul Balavi, Dr. Hosein Mohtadi, Dr. Ali Khezri, Dr. Mohamad Javad Pourabed,
Volume 6, Issue 1 (1-2025)
Abstract
The language communication theory has recently achieved a significant foothold in critical studies. Roman Jakobson, a member of Prague school, has propounded influential linguistic “functions” and “factors” to examine poetic texts particularly. According to him, effective verbal communication should have the following factors: (1) context, (2) addresser (sender), (3) addressee (receiver), (4) contact, (5) common code, and (6) message. He has also proposed six distinct functions of language: referential, poetic, emotive, conative, phatic, and metalingual. Literary critics and scholars have paid particular attention to the narrative and dialogue nuances of modern novels. This study draws on Jakobson’s factors and functions in order to examine Rousha Dakhaz’s The Remnants by adopting an analytical-descriptive approach and referring to the American School of Comparative Literature. It identifies that cultural, political, and social references are the most utilized linguistic functions in the novel because it revolves around the events and incidents of war and political changes. With regard to the referential function, the author uses the first-person narrator to verbalize the characters’ emotions. With regard to the emotive function, the novelist has used second-person pronouns as well as imperative and interrogative pronouns in order to engage readers. The poetic and metalingual functions are the least used ones throughout the novel.
Fatemeh Takhti, Khayrieh Echresh, Hasan Dadkhah Tehrani,
Volume 6, Issue 4 (4-2025)
Abstract
“Archifia” is a story written is by Amal Nasser, a young contemporary Lebanese writer and storyteller. An exciting and eventful story, it combines fantasy and reality to help children to analyze situations and events (far from superficiality) and learn logical thinking in order to achieve their goals. Decentralization is one of the most widely used techniques used by children’s literature writers to establish a creative relationship with their potential audience. The objective of this study is to address the deep structure of decentralization in the story under discussion as a vital and creative narrative element. It also explores the development of the relationship between children audience and the author using the content analysis method. This study utilizes an interpretive approach to answer its research questions. The findings of this research show that the effect of decentralization is sometimes different and expanding, defocusing the audience from the narrative structure. It also creates expectations for the reader in the process of reading, keeping them waiting for their prediction to realize. This research also argues that Amal Nasser uses interconnected decentralizing techniques and advances the narrative flow of the story in an adventurous, intertwined, and exciting way. Therefore, the audience’s focus fluctuates between centralization and decentralization. This research has concluded that the author creates a state of complex ambiguity by using various techniques such as metamorphosis, narrator intervention, and repetition of questions. This ambiguity does not confuse the audience, but arouses their curiosity. It encourages them to actively engage with the text and by negating the audience’s expectations of a traditional linear narrative, the reader is transformed from a passive recipient into an active participant. Decentralization not only brings about the possibility of the shift of point of view and simultaneous narration of events to present reality from different angles but also underpins the content of the text and gives greater clarity and value to its meaning.
Naeem Amouri, جواد سعدون زاده, Yousef Motaqiannia,
Volume 18, Issue 1 (5-2026)
Abstract
Existentialism emerged as a result of the two world wars that left darkness and doubt in our world. rather, it was linked to novels and short stories since its beginning. Mustafa Mahmoud had extensive intellectual and philosophical contributions to his literature. Based on this, the research attempts to study the novel “The Impossible” by Mustafa Mahmoud according to the existentialist doctrine, using the descriptive, analytical, and philosophical approach. The results show that Mustafa Mahmoud tried to show the most important existentialist conflicts in the novel “The Impossible”; Anxiety appeared in the adventures of the novel's characters, as "Helmy" and "Fatima" attempted to escape anxiety by forgetting, gambling, and sexual relations. The source of anxiety was in the personal decisions and multiple desires of the two heroes. As for freedom, it appeared in two contradictory forms: the image of paternal authority rooted in the novel's society, and the liberated vision standing against prevailing norms and laws. From the absence of freedom came the birth of alienation, the monotony of the hero, and his laziness. There is a close connection between self-confidence, the lack of transparent feelings, non-normativity, and deviation from society and its morals, and the separation of the individual and his alienation from himself and from society. Likewise, the relationship between the self and the other appeared in a dialectical form full of quarrels and continuous conflicts in the family within the novel's society.
Seyyed Ahmad Mosawi Panah,
Volume 19, Issue 2 (8-2025)
Abstract
In continuation of the research proposed by Vladimir Propp in morphology towards the study of narrative texts such as stories, novels and plays, the famous French theorist Algirdas Lucien Grimas came with his theory of the factor model. Greimas's theory is distinguished from its predecessors in its comprehensiveness, as it is not limited to the human being, but rather paralyzes every effective force influencing the narrative, regardless of whether it is a human being, an idea, or an inanimate thing. This theory consists of six factors: the subject, the object, the sender, the addressee, the opponent, and the helper. These factors embody the characters and events that appear and occur in the narrative from beginning to end. This study, through the descriptive-analytical approach and relying on Greimas’s factor model theory, aims to address the topics section of the Book of Lessons by the Egyptian writer Mustafa Lutfi Al-Manfaluti. Among the most important results that I obtained, it can be noted that: All the stories contained in this section of the book include the six factors, with a difference in the type of active forces. Some of these active forces are represented by humans, and some of them are an idea through which the writer wants to criticize the social situation or correct some wrong concepts. that prevail in societies. Also, the relationship between the subject and the object was not always desire, but in some cases it was separation, as in the story “The Punishment.
