Tawfiq Rezapour Mohaiseni, Hossein Mohtadi, Naser Zare, Seyed Haidar Fare Shirazi,
Volume 4, Issue 4 (12-2022)
Abstract
Implicit Model is a fundametal concept on which cultural criticism is baed; as it deals with the function of a model in texts and discourses and examines the textual subconscious, and dismantles the academic rhetorical language that is far from social problems and facts of the social life. This model may be present in songs, costumes, fables, and proverbs, as it is in poems, stories, novels, and other forms of art. Beneath all these elements of implicit masculinity model, is a cultural system perceived by the listener, viewer, or reader because of its hidden adaptation to an older model fixed in the mind.This research tries to monitor and analyze the pattern of implicit masculinity in the novel "Salt Cities" written by Abd al-Rahman Munif, relying on the analytical-descriptive approach and in the light of cultural criticism that investigates implicit cultural patterns. In the sub-topics, the representations of masculinity in the novel Cities of Salt are such as: Power, having a male child, the inferiority of women and the superiority of men, and egoism or inflation of the ego. This study reached a series of results, the most important ones of which are: Abd al-Rahman Munif consciously and unconsciously put the model of masculinity behind the aesthetic and literary model and tried to focus on the margin in addition to the centrality.
Fatima Bouadhar, Hossein Mohtadi, Nasser Zare, Sayed Haider Faree Shirazi,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (4-2024)
Abstract
The narrative mode of Passages, a novel by Fatin Al-Murr, employs the focalization to establish the point of view presented in the story. This technique focuses on who observes the story rather than who narrates it. Gérard Genette identifies three levels of focalization: zero, internal, and exterior. In Passages focalization is utilized to depict two seemingly contradictory identities through the perspectives of two narrators (Darine and Najwa). Each character embodies a unique identity shaped by the Israeli occupation, representing the Palestinian Christian and Muslim communities in Lebanon and the refugee camps, as well as the Palestinian Muslim population. This study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on Gerard Genette's theory of focalization to examine the author's style in Passages and its portrayal of the reality of the Arab world during the Israeli occupation. This study identifies the presence of all three focalization patterns, with the perspectives of Darine and Najwa serving as primary vehicles for storytelling. The introspective narrative within the novel is predominantly channeled through Najwa's perspective, characterized by her profound understanding of the Palestinian conflict. Through a series of exchanged letters, Najwa endeavors to enlighten her Christian friend about the brutal massacres and injustices unfolding in Palestine.
