Studies in

The relationship between the place and the human being is a very strong and special one, because when a man loses his place, he loses his calm and tranquility. The place is the source of security and tranquility, as the source of aversion, fear and despair. The fictional world created by the novelist is not excepted to that. If we recognize that the character is the active factor in constructing the narratives and generating the facts, and in order to realizing these events and movements of characters, there must be a local theater in which these events take place and the characters move on. And the feelings of the characters and their impressions are different to it, whether positive or negative. In view of the novel Hina Tarakna Al-jisr (when we left the bridge) by Abdurrahman Munif, we note that the writer, like the other gifted novelists, employs the place - as an artistic agent and links Zaki Al-nadawi - the main character - to the place. So that, determines the world- place in which this character lives, with his thoughts, opinions, feelings and emotions embodied in the place, an artistic embodiment establishing a strong relationship between character and the place, so that the reader clearly sees that the place affects him as well as the character affects it.

Identity, in the sense of who one is, defines a person's dialectical relationship with the outside world, and is regarded as an example of the quality of people's behavior in society. Among the sociologists, Sheldon Stryker has linked identity with emotions and believes that among the identities formed in a person, an identity that she/he experiences extreme positive or negative emotions in relation to the roles, people and social situations aligned with it, becomes a salient identity. Considering that narrative literature has a wide scope in reflecting social identity; the novel Vatan Men Zujaj "Homeland of the Glass" written by Yasmina Saleh, an Algerian author, focuses on identity questions that occur in the form of multiple social roles, and portrays an intertwined series of influences of Algerian society on the protagonist's choice of identity. The present research uses content analysis and text-oriented reading based on Stryker's theory to examine the social structure of the target society and the emotions generated from it, which play a role in salience of identity. The findings of the study indicate that the protagonist of the story has achieved common emotional meanings through effective communication with the educated stratum of the society such as his schoolteacher, experience of university environment, and communication with journalist colleagues who have increased his scope of social awareness. This has also led to his commitment to collective groups and his inclination to social roles including journalism, which is in line with his salient identity as "social police". Also, the numerous situations that have been effective in reproducing the emotions of the protagonist are qualitatively noticeable in the canonization of identity.
 

In Erik Homburger Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, adolescence is the fifth stage. The main problem of this stage is the identity crisis, although not in its critical sense. In this article, identity is explored based on this theory in the Arabic young adult novel Cappuccino and the Persian Call Me Ziba. The novel Cappuccino is written by Fatima Sharafeddin, a Lebanese writer, and Call Me Ziba, is written by Farhad Hassanzadeh, an Iranian writer. The atmosphere of both novels is narrated in contemporary era. The main characters in Cappuccino are a young girl and a young boy, and the main character in Call Me Ziba is a young girl. These characters are involved in challenges and try to solve them. In Cappuccino, family violence of men against women is the main theme. Call Me Ziba portrays the most acute life conditions for adolescents and the possibility of getting rid of them. Paying attention to adolescence in order to form a successful identity has been the concern of many non-literary researches, but in literary studies, less attention has been paid to this period and the notion of identity; Therefore, in this research, the two novels are examined by using Erikson's theory, descriptive-analytical method, and the comparative literature approach. The results indicate that in the novels Cappuccino and Call Me Ziba, adolescent characteristics are placed in three categories based on Erikson's psychosocial development theory: 1) Identity crisis; 2) Identity-seeking, which itself includes the subcategories of identification, receiving social support and adolescent protest against the value system of adults in adolescence; and 3) Fidelity. Upon examining the place of identity and identity challenges of youngs in the novels Cappuccino and Call Me Ziba, it can be concluded that encouragement to patience, love of family, respect for elders, support of family members, understanding of family's unfavorable economic situation, and fidelity to family members are emphasized a lot.