تحليل الجانب السردي والزمان والنمط والنبرة في قصة «تفاح المجانين» ليحيى يخلف استناداً إلى نظرية «جيرار جينيت»

Narratology, as a modern literary science, engages in the deep and systematic analysis of the structural elements of story and serves as a pathway to a better and more precise understanding of literary texts. Among the pioneers of structuralist theories in this field, the name of Gérard Genette and his comprehensive approach to narrative methods hold particular significance. Genette’s works, which focus on the meticulous analysis of text structure, propose five key components in the examination of narratives: order (the chronological sequence of events), duration (speed and temporal expansion), frequency (the repetition of events and their narration), mood (the focal point of vision and the narrator's cognitive limitations), and voice (the narrator's voice and its relationship to the author). The present study aims to identify and evaluate the narrative techniques employed by Yahya Yakhlef in “Tuffāh al-Majānīn” story, based on the theoretical framework of Gérard Genette. In this regard, the author has sought to examine the writer’s ability to create a coherent and impactful work by focusing on the components of “time”, “mood”, and “voice” in the narrative. The analyses conducted in this descriptive-analytical essay indicate that Yahya Yakhlef, by intelligently utilizing narrative techniques appropriate to the theme and subject of the story, has produced a continuous, engaging, and profound work. What substantiates this claim is the author’s purposeful use of diverse temporal techniques, the successful choice of a first-person narrator (which enhances the story's inner sense and realism), and the use of dialogue to advance the narrative and characterization. In examining time in “Tuffāh al-Majānīn”, which is narrated from an omniscient point of view, it is observed that all three chapters of the novel are replete with instances of anachrony of both types—analepsis (flashback) and prolepsis (flashforward)—each of which performs a unique function in creating suspense, illuminating the past, and foreshadowing the future of the story. The overall duration of the story in this novel spans approximately one year, and in relation to the standard pace, the narrative at times exhibits a rapid rhythm and at other times a slow one, which adds to the dynamism of the story. Moreover, dialogues occupy a substantial volume of the text, and by eliminating many calendar-based temporal references and minor events, the author vividly and effectively depicts significant events solely through dramatic scenes and fruitful conversations. The function of various types of frequency is also clearly observable and analyzable in this novel, enriching the semantic layers of the work. In sum, this research demonstrates that Yahya Yakhlef, through his mastery of Genette's narrative tools, has created a work with a complex yet captivating structure.