Polyphonic components in the novel "Beirut 75" by Ghada Al-Saman

Authors
Aliakbar Noresideh
Mona Gholaamzadeh
Semnan University
Abstract
Mikhail Bakhtin, as a renowned philosopher and theorist of Russian literature in the 20th century, is the originator of valuable theories in the field of criticism and literary studies, which he endeavored to present in protest against the tyranny and oppression existing in the biological society and the bitter realities of his time. In fact, by expressing new thoughts and perspectives in the form of various literary terms, including polyphony, he has risen to criticize the official, authoritarian and one-dimensional discourse that dominates society, which only hears its own voice, so that other intellectual systems can also gain an opportunity to be present and freely express their thoughts and ideas. The present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, seeks to criticize and examine, with the focus on Bakhtin's polyphonic theory, the novel Beirut 75 by Ghada Al-Samman, a prominent Syrian writer, which reflects the social situation and political dilemmas of different segments of Lebanese society in the seventies. Considering the influence of Bakhtin's intellectual and literary activity on the severe suppression of his era and the silencing of voices, as well as the author's hidden protest voice in his work against the dogmatism and unilateralism of the central government and the disregard of the beliefs and opinions of the majority of society, it can be said that the structural and semantic performance of the constituent elements of the novel Beirut 75 was successful in depicting most of the components of Bakhtin's polyphonic theory such as multiple shared time and space, relativity and internal opposition, mask, changing point of view and multiple narrators, combining different literary schools, and fluidity of mind. and the story was directed towards being Polyphonic.
Keywords
Narrative studies
Polyphony
Bakhtin
Beirut 75
Ghada El-Samman
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